软考中级-软件工程

文章介绍了软件开发的不同阶段和模型,包括CMM的五个成熟度级别,CMMI的阶段式和连续式模型,以及瀑布模型、V模型、增量模型、演化模型(原型模型、螺旋模型)、喷泉模型、统一过程模型和敏捷方法(极限编程、水晶法、并列争求法、自适应软件开发)。此外,还讨论了需求分析、系统设计的概要和详细设计、系统测试的各种类型和原则,以及软件维护的重要性。

1 软件过程

1.1 能力成熟度模型(CMM)

初始(混乱)->可重复(建立基本、重复以往)->已定义(文档化、标准化)->已管理(制定产品质量标准)->优化(新技术改进)

1.2 能力成熟度模型集成(CMMI)

两种表示方法:阶段式模型、连续式模型。

  • 阶段式模型

  • 连续式模型

L0(未执行、未得到)->L1(可标识输入转为可标识输出)->L2(已管理的制度化)->L3(已定义的制度化)->L4(可定量管理的制度化)->L5(优化)

2 软件过程模型

适合需求明确的情况。

2.1 瀑布模型

2.2 V模型

2.3 增量模型

一开始就需求明确,将需求分解为多个增量进行开发,可以快速提供一个版本。

3 演化模型

应对对于需求认识不明晰,需求经常变化的情况而产生的模型,能够快速发布初始版本。

3.1 原型模型

COCOMO评估工具 What is COCOMO? COCOMO (COnstructive COst MOdel) is a screen-oriented, interactive software package that assists in budgetary planning and schedule estimation of a software development project. Through the flexibility of COCOMO, a software project manager (or team leader) can develop a model (or multiple models) of projects in order to identify potential problems in resources, personnel, budgets, and schedules both before and while the potential software package is being developed. The COCOMO software package is based upon the software cost and schedule estimation model: COnstructive COst MOdel version II (COCOMOII). This is the newly revised version of the original COnstructive COst MOdel (COCOMO) first published by Dr. Barry Boehm in his book Software Engineering Economics, Prentice-Hall (1981), and Ada COCOMO (1989) predecessors. The current model is described in [Boehm et al. 1995] The primary objectives of the COCOMOII.1998 effort are: ◾ To develop a software cost and schedule estimation model tuned to the life cycle practices of the 1990's and 2000's. ◾ To develop software cost database and tool support capabilities for continuous model improvement. ◾ To provide a quantitative analytic framework, and set of tools and techniques for evaluating the effects of software technology improvements on software life cycle costs and schedules. The full COCOMOII model includes three stages. Stage 1 supports estimation of prototyping or applications composition efforts. Stage 2 supports estimation in the Early Design stage of a project, when less is known about the project’s cost drivers. Stage 3 supports estimation in the Post-Architecture stage of a project. This version of USC COCOMOII implements stage 3 formulas to estimate the effort, schedule, and cost required to develop a software product. It also provides the breakdown of effort and schedule into software life-cycle phases and activities from the original COCOMO manual. These are still reasonably valid for waterfall model software projects, but need to be interpreted for non-waterfall projects.
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