linux Debian 12 安装 Docker(手动)

因为自动安装一直失败，就只能手动了

1. 确保系统已更新到最新版本：

   sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y

2. 安装必要的依赖包：

   sudo apt install -y curl apt-transport-https ca-certificates

一、使用 curl 下载所需的 .deb 包。请确保在下载目录中执行以下命令：

curl下载不了的话，就下载到自己电脑上，再上传到服务器里

# 下载 containerd.io
curl -O https://download.docker.com/linux/debian/dists/bookworm/pool/stable/amd64/containerd.io_1.7.24-1_amd64.deb

# 下载 docker-ce
curl -O https://download.docker.com/linux/debian/dists/bookworm/pool/stable/amd64/docker-ce_27.4.1-1~debian.12~bookworm_amd64.deb

# 下载 docker-ce-cli
curl -O https://download.docker.com/linux/debian/dists/bookworm/pool/stable/amd64/docker-ce-cli_27.4.1-1~debian.12~bookworm_amd64.deb

# 下载 docker-buildx-plugin
curl -O https://download.docker.com/linux/debian/dists/bookworm/pool/stable/amd64/docker-buildx-plugin_0.19.3-1~debian.12~bookworm_amd64.deb

# 下载 docker-compose-plugin
curl -O https://download.docker.com/linux/debian/dists/bookworm/pool/stable/amd64/docker-compose-plugin_2.32.1-1~debian.12~bookworm_amd64.deb

PS：如果网络下载失败，换地址，例如阿里、清华等

二、 安装 Docker 包

使用 dpkg 一次性安装下载的所有 .deb 包：

sudo dpkg -i ./containerd.io_1.7.24-1_amd64.deb \
  ./docker-ce_27.4.1-1~debian.12~bookworm_amd64.deb \
  ./docker-ce-cli_27.4.1-1~debian.12~bookworm_amd64.deb \
  ./docker-buildx-plugin_0.19.3-1~debian.12~bookworm_amd64.deb \
  ./docker-compose-plugin_2.32.1-1~debian.12~bookworm_amd64.deb

安装出现以下问题解决方式：

问题一：

dpkg: error processing package docker-ce (--configure):
 subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.23-0ubuntu11) ...
Errors were encountered while processing:
 docker-ce
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

解决方式：

cd /var/lib/dpkg  -- 进入这个目录
sudo mv info info.bak  -- 备份一下
sudo mkdir info  -- 创建新的
sudo apt-get install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io  -- 安装

验证：

执行命令：docker -v

出现：Docker version 27.4.1, build b9d17ea

问题二：

解决问题一的时候可能会出现如下问题：

Try 'apt --fix-broken install' with no packages (or specify a solution).

You might want to run 'apt --fix-broken install' to correct these.
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 docker-ce : Depends: iptables but it is not going to be installed
             Recommends: docker-ce-rootless-extras but it is not installable
             Recommends: git but it is not going to be installed
             Recommends: libltdl7 but it is not going to be installed
             Recommends: pigz but it is not going to be installed
E: Unmet dependencies. Try 'apt --fix-broken install' with no packages (or specify a solution).

解决方式：

执行命令：sudo apt --fix-broken install

验证：

执行命令：docker ps

出现容器目录就ok

问题三：

解决问题二可能出现下面问题，这是没启动的原因，执行启动命令就行

Cannot connect to the Docker daemon at unix:///var/run/docker.sock. Is the docker daemon running?

systemctl start docker 执行启动

问题四：

如果启动出现：A dependency job for docker.service failed. See 'journalctl -xe' for details.

排查问题：

通过 journalctl -xe | grep -i docker 命令，查看是否出现docker.socket 服务启动失败导致的依赖问题

docker.socket: Control process exited, code=exited, status=216/GROUP

docker.socket: Control process exited, code=exited, status=216/GROUP
░░ An ExecStartChown= process belonging to unit docker.socket has exited.
Oct 29 14:52:07 iZuf6dyhgpwoq57rwg7h9mZ systemd[1]: docker.socket: Failed with result 'exit-code'.
░░ The unit docker.socket has entered the 'failed' state with result 'exit-code'.
Oct 29 14:52:07 iZuf6dyhgpwoq57rwg7h9mZ systemd[1]: Failed to listen on docker.socket - Docker Socket for the API.

解决问题：

首先查看 docker.socket 配置文件（通常位于 /etc/systemd/system/docker.socket 或 /lib/systemd/system/docker.socket），发现配置存在异常。手动重建正确的配置：

执行命令：

sudo mv /etc/systemd/system/docker.socket /etc/systemd/system/docker.socket.bak 2>/dev/null

# 创建正确的配置文件
sudo tee /etc/systemd/system/docker.socket <<EOF
[Unit]
Description=Docker Socket for the API

[Socket]
ListenStream=/var/run/docker.sock
SocketMode=0660
SocketUser=root
SocketGroup=docker

[Install]
WantedBy=sockets.target
EOF

目录权限处理：

# 清理残留的套接字文件
sudo rm -f /var/run/docker.sock

# 确保目录权限正确
sudo chmod 755 /var/run

# 重建 docker 用户组（避免权限不足）
sudo groupadd -f docker
sudo usermod -aG docker root  # 将当前用户加入 docker 组

重启加载配置服务：

# 重新加载 systemd 配置
sudo systemctl daemon-reload

# 启动 docker.socket 服务
sudo systemctl start docker.socket

# 检查状态（确认已 active）
systemctl status docker.socket

验证Docker启动：

# 启动 Docker 服务
sudo systemctl start docker

# 检查状态
systemctl status docker

此时日志显示 active (running)，说明 Docker 服务已成功启动