Python下载文件的10种方法大全：从基础到高级实战

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在Python开发中，文件下载是常见需求。本文将全面介绍10种Python下载文件的方法，涵盖标准库、第三方库以及高级技巧，每种方法都配有完整代码示例和适用场景分析。

1. 使用urllib.request（Python标准库）
适用场景：简单下载需求，无需额外安装库

import urllib.request

url = "https://example.com/file.zip"
filename = "downloaded_file.zip"

urllib.request.urlretrieve(url, filename)
print(f"文件已保存为: {filename}")

# 进阶：添加请求头
headers = {"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0"}
req = urllib.request.Request(url, headers=headers)
with urllib.request.urlopen(req) as response:
    with open(filename, 'wb') as f:
        f.write(response.read())

2. 使用requests库（最常用）
适用场景：需要更友好API和高级功能

import requests

url = "https://example.com/large_file.iso"
filename = "large_file.iso"

# 简单下载
response = requests.get(url)
with open(filename, 'wb') as f:
    f.write(response.content)

# 流式下载大文件
with requests.get(url, stream=True) as r:
    r.raise_for_status()
    with open(filename, 'wb') as f:
        for chunk in r.iter_content(chunk_size=8192): 
            f.write(chunk)

3. 使用wget库
适用场景：模拟Linux wget命令行为

import wget

url = "https://example.com/image.jpg"
filename = wget.download(url)
print(f"\n下载完成: {filename}")

# 指定保存路径
wget.download(url, out="/path/to/save/image.jpg")

4. 使用http.client（底层HTTP客户端）
适用场景：需要底层控制或学习HTTP协议

import http.client

conn = http.client.HTTPSConnection("example.com")
conn.request("GET", "/file.pdf")
response = conn.getresponse()

with open("document.pdf", 'wb') as f:
    f.write(response.read())

conn.close()

5. 使用aiohttp（异步下载）
适用场景：高性能异步下载，I/O密集型任务

import aiohttp
import asyncio

async def download_file(url, filename):
    async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
        async with session.get(url) as response:
            with open(filename, 'wb') as f:
                while True:
                    chunk = await response.content.read(8192)
                    if not chunk:
                        break
                    f.write(chunk)
    print(f"异步下载完成: {filename}")

urls = [
    ("https://example.com/file1.zip", "file1.zip"),
    ("https://example.com/file2.zip", "file2.zip")
]

async def main():
    tasks = [download_file(url, name) for url, name in urls]
    await asyncio.gather(*tasks)

asyncio.run(main())

6. 使用pycurl（libcurl绑定）
适用场景：需要C级别性能或复杂传输选项

import pycurl
from io import BytesIO

buffer = BytesIO()
c = pycurl.Curl()
c.setopt(c.URL, "https://example.com/data.json")
c.setopt(c.WRITEDATA, buffer)
c.perform()
c.close()

body = buffer.getvalue()
with open("data.json", 'wb') as f:
    f.write(body)

7. 使用urllib3（requests底层库）
适用场景：需要比requests更底层的控制

import urllib3

http = urllib3.PoolManager()
url = "https://example.com/video.mp4"
response = http.request("GET", url, preload_content=False)

with open("video.mp4", 'wb') as f:
    for chunk in response.stream(1024):
        f.write(chunk)

response.release_conn()

8. 使用socket原始下载（仅限高级用户）
适用场景：学习网络原理或特殊协议需求

import socket

def download_via_socket(url, port=80, filename="output.bin"):
    # 解析URL（简化版，实际应使用urllib.parse）
    host = url.split('/')[2]
    path = '/' + '/'.join(url.split('/')[3:])
    
    s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
    s.connect((host, port))
    request = f"GET {path} HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: {host}\r\n\r\n"
    s.send(request.encode())
    
    with open(filename, 'wb') as f:
        while True:
            data = s.recv(1024)
            if not data:
                break
            f.write(data)
    s.close()

download_via_socket("http://example.com/file")

9. 使用multiprocessing多进程下载
适用场景：CPU密集型下载任务（如需要解压/加密）

import requests
from multiprocessing import Pool

def download(args):
    url, filename = args
    response = requests.get(url, stream=True)
    with open(filename, 'wb') as f:
        for chunk in response.iter_content(8192):
            f.write(chunk)
    return filename

urls = [
    ("https://example.com/file1.zip", "file1.zip"),
    ("https://example.com/file2.zip", "file2.zip")
]

with Pool(4) as p:  # 4个进程
    results = p.map(download, urls)
    print(f"下载完成: {results}")

10. 使用scrapy（网页爬虫下载）
适用场景：需要从网页中批量下载资源

import scrapy
from scrapy.crawler import CrawlerProcess

class FileDownloadSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = "filedownload"
    start_urls = ["https://example.com/downloads"]
    
    def parse(self, response):
        for href in response.css('a.download-link::attr(href)').getall():
            yield scrapy.Request(
                response.urljoin(href),
                callback=self.save_file
            )
    
    def save_file(self, response):
        path = response.url.split('/')[-1]
        with open(path, 'wb') as f:
            f.write(response.body)
        self.log(f"保存文件: {path}")

process = CrawlerProcess()
process.crawl(FileDownloadSpider)
process.start()

高级技巧：断点续传实现

import requests
import os

def download_with_resume(url, filename):
    headers = {}
    if os.path.exists(filename):
        downloaded = os.path.getsize(filename)
        headers = {'Range': f'bytes={downloaded}-'}
    
    with requests.get(url, headers=headers, stream=True) as r:
        mode = 'ab' if headers else 'wb'
        with open(filename, mode) as f:
            for chunk in r.iter_content(chunk_size=8192):
                f.write(chunk)

download_with_resume("https://example.com/large_file.iso", "large_file.iso")

方法对比与选择指南

安全注意事项
验证HTTPS证书：

# requests示例（默认验证证书）
requests.get("https://example.com", verify=True)

限制下载大小防止DoS攻击：

max_size = 1024 * 1024 * 100  # 100MB
response = requests.get(url, stream=True)
downloaded = 0
with open(filename, 'wb') as f:
    for chunk in response.iter_content(8192):
        downloaded += len(chunk)
        if downloaded > max_size:
            raise ValueError("文件超过最大限制")
        f.write(chunk)

清理文件名防止路径遍历：

import re
def sanitize_filename(filename):
    return re.sub(r'[\\/*?:"<>|]', "", filename)

总结
本文介绍了Python下载文件的10种方法，从标准库到第三方库，从同步到异步，涵盖了各种应用场景。选择哪种方法取决于你的具体需求：

简单需求：urllib.request或requests

高性能需求：aiohttp或pycurl

特殊场景：multiprocessing或scrapy

最后：
希望你编程学习上不急不躁,按照计划有条不紊推进,把任何一件事做到极致,都是不容易的,加油,努力！相信自己！

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