深入理解nvidia container toolkit核心组件与流程

一、引言

在安装好nvidia container toolkit的节点上，我们先起一个普通容器，并进入容器执行nvidia-smi命令，发现无法执行：

# docker run -d --name normal-container nginx:latest
992ed0b4cb7134b7cb528124b4ebed193215f0987ed288a582fb088486a9b67a

# docker exec -ti normal-container bash
root@992ed0b4cb71:/# nvidia-smi
bash: nvidia-smi: command not found

在上述命令加上--gpus all参数创建另外一个容器，并进入该容器执行nvidia-smi命令，发现可以正常执行：

# docker run -d --name nvidia-container --gpus all nginx:latest
81281dc9dc0a7d3c9de5e90dffdfa593975976c5a2a07c7a5ebddfd4e704bbe3

# docker exec -ti nvidia-container bash
root@81281dc9dc0a:/# nvidia-smi
Sun May 18 12:49:09 2025
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NVIDIA-SMI 560.35.02              Driver Version: 560.94         CUDA Version: 12.6     |
|-----------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------+
| GPU  Name                 Persistence-M | Bus-Id          Disp.A | Volatile Uncorr. ECC |
| Fan  Temp   Perf          Pwr:Usage/Cap |           Memory-Usage | GPU-Util  Compute M. |
|                                         |                        |               MIG M. |
|=========================================+========================+======================|
|   0  NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4060 Ti     On  |   00000000:01:00.0  On |                  N/A |
|  0%   43C    P8              8W /  165W |     835MiB /  16380MiB |      4%      Default |
|                                         |                        |                  N/A |
+-----------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------+

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Processes:                                                                              |
|  GPU   GI   CI        PID   Type   Process name                              GPU Memory |
|        ID   ID                                                               Usage      |
|=========================================================================================|
|    0   N/A  N/A        24      G   /Xwayland                                   N/A      |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

为什么在创建命令中增加了一个--gpus all参数，nvidia-container里就有了nvidia-smi命令呢？这个可执行文件到底是怎么来的呢？又与nvidia container toolkit哪些组件有关呢？本文带着这些问题，尝试深入理解nvidia container toolkit。

二、nvidia container toolkit组件组成

继续在安装好nvidia container toolkit的节点上输入nvidia-c并按tab键补全，会有如下输出：

# nvidia-c
nvidia-cdi-hook                nvidia-container-cli           nvidia-container-runtime       nvidia-container-runtime-hook  nvidia-container-toolkit       nvidia-ctk

这些就是nvidia container toolkit的可执行组件，nvidia container toolkit可执行组件对应的源码在两个仓库：

• https://github.com/NVIDIA/nvidia-container-toolkit：go语言开发
• https://github.com/NVIDIA/libnvidia-container：c语言开发

为了更快速的了解github开源项目源码，除了看项目的readme和官网文档，还可以尝试这个AI工具：deepwiki。上述两个仓库在deepwiki上分别对应：

• https://deepwiki.com/NVIDIA/nvidia-container-toolkit
• https://deepwiki.com/NVIDIA/libnvidia-container

对应的各个组件及基本功能：

• nvidia-cdi-hook ：go开发的可执行文件，代码在https://github.com/NVIDIA/nvidia-container-toolkit项目中，main函数入口：https://github.com/NVIDIA/nvidia-container-toolkit/cmd/nvidia-cdi-hook/main.go。支持CDI（Container Device Interface）环境的hook，如果环境不支持CDI，用的还是nvidia-container-runtime-hook。
• nvidia-container-cli ：c开发的可执行文件，代码在https://github.com/NVIDIA/libnvidia-container项目中，main函数入口：https://github.com/NVIDIA/libnvidia-container/src/cli/main.c。核心命令行工具，负责设备驱动库、nvidia-smi等命令注入（挂载）相关工作。
• nvidia-container-runtime ：go开发的可执行文件，代码在https://github.com/NVIDIA/nvidia-container-toolkit项目中，main函数入口：https://github.com/NVIDIA/nvidia-container-toolkit/cmd/nvidia-container-runtime。容器运行时封装层，拦截并扩展容器创建流程，为OCI spec注入preStartHook（例如nvidia-container-runtime-hook）后调用底层runc等工具创建容器。
• nvidia-container-runtime-hook ：go开发的可执行文件，代码在https://github.com/NVIDIA/nvidia-container-toolkit项目中，main函数入口：https://github.com/NVIDIA/nvidia-container-toolkit/cmd/nvidia-container-runtime-hook。容器的preStartHook，容器启动前执行，主要是拼接参数调用nvidia-container-cli。
• nvidia-container-toolkit ：go开发的可执行文件，代码在https://github.com/NVIDIA/nvidia-container-toolkit项目中，main函数入口：https://github.com/NVIDIA/nvidia-container-toolkit/tools/container/nvidia-toolkit/run.go。可以借助该工具辅助安装nvidia-container-runtime（例如配置docker配置文件并重启docker）。
• nvidia-ctk ：go开发的可执行文件，代码在https://github.com/NVIDIA/nvidia-container-toolkit项目中，main函数入口：https://github.com/NVIDIA/nvidia-container-toolkit/cmd/nvidia-ctk。包含hook、runtime、cdi、config等子命令，cdi、csv、graphics等场景会用到。

2.1.2 数据流示意图

在docker+runc的环境中，以前面的命令docker run -d --name normal-container nginx:latest创建容器为例，数据流如下：

在我的环境中不支持CDI，如果加上--gpus all参数后，创建使用GPU的容器时相关的nvidia container toolkit组件只有三个：nvidia-container-runtime、nvidia-container-runtime-hook、nvidia-container-cli，数据流变成了如下形式：

三、关键组件源码分析

有了上述流程理解，下面再从源码角度来深入验证上述流程。

以下代码基于https://github.com/NVIDIA/nvidia-container-toolkit@1.17.4

3.1 nvidia-container-runtime

• main函数入口

// nvidia-container-toolkit/cmd/nvidia-container-runtime/main.go
func main() {
    r := runtime.New()
    err := r.Run(os.Args)
    if err != nil {
        os.Exit(1)
    }
}

• Run函数

Run函数逻辑不多，主要是解析配置文件内容、初始化nvidia-ctk和nvidia-container-runtime-hook配置、配置runtime对象并执行Exec方法：

// nvidia-container-toolkit/internal/runtime/runtime.go
func (r rt) Run(argv []string) (rerr error) {
    ...
    // 获取配置文件
    cfg, err := config.GetConfig()
    ...
    // 配置nvidia-container-runtime-hook路径
    cfg.NVIDIAContainerRuntimeHookConfig.Path = config.ResolveNVIDIAContainerRuntimeHookPath(&logger.NullLogger{}, cfg.NVIDIAContainerRuntimeHookConfig.Path)
    ...
    driver := root.New(
        root.WithLogger(r.logger),
        root.WithDriverRoot(cfg.NVIDIAContainerCLIConfig.Root),
    )

    r.logger.Tracef("Command line arguments: %v", argv)
    runtime, err := newNVIDIAContainerRuntime(r.logger, cfg, argv, driver)
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("failed to create NVIDIA Container Runtime: %v", err)
    }

    if printVersion {
        fmt.Print("\n")
    }
    return runtime.Exec(argv)
}

• 解析配置文件

配置文件首先会先读取环境变量XDG_CONFIG_HOME的值，如果不为空，则配置文件为$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/nvidia-container-runtime/config.toml，否则默认为/etc/nvidia-container-runtime/config.toml：

// nvidia-container-toolkit/internal/config/config.go
func GetConfig() (*Config, error) {
    cfg, err := New(
        WithConfigFile(GetConfigFilePath()),
    )
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }

    return cfg.Config()
}

// nvidia-container-toolkit/internal/config/config.go
func GetConfigFilePath() string {
    // configOverride = XDG_CONFIG_HOME
    if XDGConfigDir := os.Getenv(configOverride); len(XDGConfigDir) != 0 {
        return filepath.Join(XDGConfigDir, configFilePath) // configFilePath = nvidia-container-runtime/config.toml
    }

    return filepath.Join("/etc", configFilePath)
}

// nvidia-container-toolkit/internal/config/toml.go
func (t *Toml) Config() (*Config, error) {
    cfg, err := t.configNoOverrides()
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }
    if err := cfg.assertValid(); err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }
    return cfg, nil
}

// nvidia-container-toolkit/internal/config/toml.go
func (t *Toml) configNoOverrides() (*Config, error) {
    cfg, err := GetDefault()
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }
    if t == nil {
        return cfg, nil
    }
    if err := t.Unmarshal(cfg); err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to unmarshal config: %v", err)
    }
    return cfg, nil
}

// nvidia-container-toolkit/internal/config/config.go
func GetDefault() (*Config, error) {
    d := Config{
        AcceptEnvvarUnprivileged:    true,
        SupportedDriverCapabilities: image.SupportedDriverCapabilities.String(),
        NVIDIAContainerCLIConfig: ContainerCLIConfig{
            LoadKmods: true,
            Ldconfig:  getLdConfigPath(),
            User:      getUserGroup(),
        },
        NVIDIACTKConfig: CTKConfig{
            Path: nvidiaCTKExecutable, // nvidiaCTKExecutable = nvidia-ctk
        },
        NVIDIAContainerRuntimeConfig: RuntimeConfig{
            DebugFilePath: "/dev/null",
            LogLevel:      "info",
            Runtimes:      []string{"docker-runc", "runc", "crun"},
            Mode:          "auto",
            Modes: modesConfig{
                CSV: csvModeConfig{
                    MountSpecPath: "/etc/nvidia-container-runtime/host-files-for-container.d",
                },
                CDI: cdiModeConfig{
                    DefaultKind:        "nvidia.com/gpu",
                    AnnotationPrefixes: []string{cdi.AnnotationPrefix}, // cdi.AnnotationPrefix = cdi.k8s.io/
                    SpecDirs:           cdi.DefaultSpecDirs,
                },
            },
        },
        NVIDIAContainerRuntimeHookConfig: RuntimeHookConfig{
            Path: NVIDIAContainerRuntimeHookExecutable,
        },
    }
    return &d, nil
}

而默认的配置文件如下：

$ cat /etc/nvidia-container-runtime/config.toml
#accept-nvidia-visible-devices-as-volume-mounts = false
#accept-nvidia-visible-devices-envvar-when-unprivileged = true
disable-require = false
supported-driver-capabilities = "compat32,compute,display,graphics,ngx,utility,video"
#swarm-resource = "DOCKER_RESOURCE_GPU"

[nvidia-container-cli]
#debug = "/var/log/nvidia-container-toolkit.log"
environment = []
#ldcache = "/etc/ld.so.cache"
ldconfig = "@/sbin/ldconfig.real"
load-kmods = true
#no-cgroups = false
#path = "/usr/bin/nvidia-container-cli"
#root = "/run/nvidia/driver"
#user = "root:video"

[nvidia-container-runtime]
#debug = "/var/log/nvidia-container-runtime.log"
log-level = "info"
mode = "auto"
runtimes = ["docker-runc", "runc", "crun"]

[nvidia-container-runtime.modes]

[nvidia-container-runtime.modes.cdi]
annotation-prefixes = ["cdi.k8s.io/"]
default-kind = "nvidia.com/gpu"
spec-dirs = ["/etc/cdi", "/var/run/cdi"]

[nvidia-container-runtime.modes.csv]
mount-spec-path = "/etc/nvidia-container-runtime/host-files-for-container.d"

[nvidia-container-runtime-hook]
path = "nvidia-container-runtime-hook"
skip-mode-detection = false

[nvidia-ctk]
path = "nvidia-ctk"

• 配置nvidia-container-runtime-hook

先去$PATH、/usr/local/sbin、/usr/local/bin、/usr/sbin、/usr/bin、/sbin、/bin下查找nvidia-container-runtime-hook，如果没找到则默认使用/usr/bin/nvidia-container-runtime-hook：

func ResolveNVIDIAContainerRuntimeHookPath(logger logger.Interface, nvidiaContainerRuntimeHookPath string) string {
    return resolveWithDefault(
        logger,
        "NVIDIA Container Runtime Hook",
        nvidiaContainerRuntimeHookPath, // 配置文件中读取，默认配置为nvidia-container-runtime-hook
        nvidiaContainerRuntimeHookDefaultPath, // nvidiaContainerRuntimeHookDefaultPath = /usr/bin/nvidia-container-runtime-hook
    )
}

• 初始化driver与runtime

初始化driver对象时会传入配置cfg.NVIDIAContainerCLIConfig.Root，该配置默认为""。而在初始化runtime的核心关键函数newNVIDIAContainerRuntime中，会先查找更底层的runtime（我本地环境只有runc，所以这里找到的是runc），之后判断命令中是否包含创建子命令，如果没有则直接透传上层的调用命令给底层runc执行，否则用NewModifyingRuntimeWrapper方法初始化一个wrapper并调用该wrpper的Exec方法去执行。

// nvidia-container-toolkit/internal/runtime/runtime.go
func (r rt) Run(argv []string) (rerr error) {
    ...
    driver := root.New(
        root.WithLogger(r.logger),
        root.WithDriverRoot(cfg.NVIDIAContainerCLIConfig.Root), // 配置文件中读取，默认配置为""（注释掉的配置）
    )
    ...
    runtime, err := newNVIDIAContainerRuntime(r.logger, cfg, argv, driver)
    ...
}

// nvidia-container-toolkit/internal/runtime/runtime_factory.go
func newNVIDIAContainerRuntime(logger logger.Interface, cfg *config.Config, argv []string, driver *root.Driver) (oci.Runtime, error) {
    // 查找更底层的runtime：从$PATH、/usr/local/sbin、/usr/local/bin、/usr/sbin、/usr/bin、/sbin、/bin下查找"docker-runc", "runc", "crun"
    // 如果查找到了，封装返回一个pathRuntime对象
    lowLevelRuntime, err := oci.NewLowLevelRuntime(logger, cfg.NVIDIAContainerRuntimeConfig.Runtimes)// 配置文件中读取，默认配置为["docker-runc", "runc", "crun"]
    if err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("error constructing low-level runtime: %v", err)
    }

    logger.Tracef("Using low-level runtime %v", lowLevelRuntime.String())
    // 检查是否包含create的子命令，检查规则启动参数中不包含-b/-bundle参数，且包含create参数
    if !oci.HasCreateSubcommand(argv) {
        logger.Tracef("Skipping modifier for non-create subcommand")
        return lowLevelRuntime, nil
    }

    ociSpec, err := oci.NewSpec(logger, argv)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("error constructing OCI specification: %v", err)
    }

    specModifier, err := newSpecModifier(logger, cfg, ociSpec, driver)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to construct OCI spec modifier: %v", err)
    }

    // Create the wrapping runtime with the specified modifier.
    r := oci.NewModifyingRuntimeWrapper(
        logger,
        lowLevelRuntime,
        ociSpec,
        specModifier,
    )

    return r, nil
}

• wrapper Exec

可以看到走到这里时wrapper Exec会先对OCI Spec做modify操作，然后再调用底层runc执行创建命令。

// nvidia-container-toolkit/internal/oci/runtime_modifier.go
func (r *modifyingRuntimeWrapper) Exec(args []string) error {
    if HasCreateSubcommand(args) {
        r.logger.Debugf("Create command detected; applying OCI specification modifications")
        err := r.modify()
        if err != nil {
            return fmt.Errorf("could not apply required modification to OCI specification: %w", err)
        }
        r.logger.Debugf("Applied required modification to OCI specification")
    }

    r.logger.Debugf("Forwarding command to runtime %v", r.runtime.String())
    return r.runtime.Exec(args)
}

// nvidia-container-toolkit/internal/oci/runtime_modifier.go
func (r *modifyingRuntimeWrapper) modify() error {
    _, err := r.ociSpec.Load()
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("error loading OCI specification for modification: %v", err)
    }

    err = r.ociSpec.Modify(r.modifier)
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("error modifying OCI spec: %v", err)
    }

    err = r.ociSpec.Flush()
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("error writing modified OCI specification: %v", err)
    }
    return nil
}

• OCI Spec Modify

Modify过程中先基于NewCUDAImageFromSpec初始化一个cuda image对象，从NewCUDAImageFromSpec函数的WithEnv和WithMounts可以看出，注入的信息只会与环境变量和mount信息有关。再根据mode、cfg、ociSpec、image等信息调用newModeModifier初始化modeModifyier对象，并根据环境所支持的mode可能返回多个modifier。我本地环境支持"mode"（本地环境对应StableRuntimeModifier）、“graphics”（对应GraphicsModifier）、“feature-gated”（对应FeatureGatedModifier），所以经过三个modifier的Modify。

// nvidia-container-toolkit/internal/runtime/runtime_factory.go
func newSpecModifier(logger logger.Interface, cfg *config.Config, ociSpec oci.Spec, driver *root.Driver) (oci.SpecModifier, error) {
    rawSpec, err := ociSpec.Load()
    ...
    image, err := image.NewCUDAImageFromSpec(rawSpec)
    ...
    mode := info.ResolveAutoMode(logger, cfg.NVIDIAContainerRuntimeConfig.Mode, image)
    modeModifier, err := newModeModifier(logger, mode, cfg, ociSpec, image)
    ...
    var modifiers modifier.List
    for _, modifierType := range supportedModifierTypes(mode) {
        switch modifierType {
        case "mode":
            modifiers = append(modifiers, modeModifier)
        case "graphics":
            graphicsModifier, err := modifier.NewGraphicsModifier(logger, cfg, image, driver)
            if err != nil {
                return nil, err
            }
            modifiers = append(modifiers, graphicsModifier)
        case "feature-gated":
            featureGatedModifier, err := modifier.NewFeatureGatedModifier(logger, cfg, image)
            if err != nil {
                return nil, err
            }
            modifiers = append(modifiers, featureGatedModifier)
        }
    }

    return modifiers, nil
}

// nvidia-container-toolkit/internal/config/image/cuda_image.go
type CUDA struct {
    env    map[string]string
    mounts []specs.Mount
}

// nvidia-container-toolkit/internal/config/image/cuda_image.go
func NewCUDAImageFromSpec(spec *specs.Spec) (CUDA, error) {
    var env []string
    if spec != nil && spec.Process != nil {
        env = spec.Process.Env
    }

    return New(
        WithEnv(env),
        WithMounts(spec.Mounts),
    )
}

• Modify StableRuntimeModifier

StableRuntimeModifier的Modify方法比较简单，只是给ociSpec增加preStart hook，hook路径由配置文件的nvidia-container-runtime-hook配置下的path指定，默认为nvidia-container-runtime-hook。

// nvidia-container-toolkit/internal/modifier/stable.go
func (m stableRuntimeModifier) Modify(spec *specs.Spec) error {
    // If an NVIDIA Container Runtime Hook already exists, we don't make any modifications to the spec.
    if spec.Hooks != nil {
        for _, hook := range spec.Hooks.Prestart {
            hook := hook
            if isNVIDIAContainerRuntimeHook(&hook) {
                m.logger.Infof("Existing nvidia prestart hook (%v) found in OCI spec", hook.Path)
                return nil
            }
        }
    }

    path := m.nvidiaContainerRuntimeHookPath
    m.logger.Infof("Using prestart hook path: %v", path)
    args := []string{filepath.Base(path)}
    if spec.Hooks == nil {
        spec.Hooks = &specs.Hooks{}
    }
    spec.Hooks.Prestart = append(spec.Hooks.Prestart, specs.Hook{
        Path: path,
        Args: append(args, "prestart"),
    })

    return nil
}

• Modify GraphicsModifier

默认NVIDIA_DRIVER_CAPABILITIES=compute,utility，不需要graphics和display等图形显示相关能力，因此该modifier会返回nil，最终相当于没对ociSpec做任何修改。

// nvidia-container-toolkit/internal/config/image/capabilities.go
func NewGraphicsModifier(logger logger.Interface, cfg *config.Config, containerImage image.CUDA, driver *root.Driver) (oci.SpecModifier, error) {
    if required, reason := requiresGraphicsModifier(containerImage); !required {
        logger.Infof("No graphics modifier required: %v", reason)
        return nil, nil
    }

    nvidiaCDIHookPath := cfg.NVIDIACTKConfig.Path

    mounts, err := discover.NewGraphicsMountsDiscoverer(
        logger,
        driver,
        nvidiaCDIHookPath,
    )
    ...
    // In standard usage, the devRoot is the same as the driver.Root.
    devRoot := driver.Root
    drmNodes, err := discover.NewDRMNodesDiscoverer(
        logger,
        containerImage.DevicesFromEnvvars(image.EnvVarNvidiaVisibleDevices),
        devRoot,
        nvidiaCDIHookPath,
    )
    ...
    d := discover.Merge(
        drmNodes,
        mounts,
    )
    return NewModifierFromDiscoverer(logger, d)
}

// nvidia-container-toolkit/internal/config/image/capabilities.go
func requiresGraphicsModifier(cudaImage image.CUDA) (bool, string) {
    if devices := cudaImage.VisibleDevicesFromEnvVar(); len(devices) == 0 {
        return false, "no devices requested"
    }

    // DriverCapabilityGraphics = "graphics"
    // DriverCapabilityDisplay = "display"
    if !cudaImage.GetDriverCapabilities().Any(image.DriverCapabilityGraphics, image.DriverCapabilityDisplay) {
        return false, "no required capabilities requested"
    }

    return true, ""
}

• Modify FeatureGatedModifier

默认环境变量NVIDIA_GDS、NVIDIA_MOFED、NVIDIA_NVSWITCH、NVIDIA_GDRCOPY都没配，所以直接走到NewModifierFromDiscoverer。

// nvidia-container-toolkit/internal/modifier/gated.go
func NewFeatureGatedModifier(logger logger.Interface, cfg *config.Config, image image.CUDA) (oci.SpecModifier, error) {
    if devices := image.VisibleDevicesFromEnvVar(); len(devices) == 0 {
        logger.Infof("No modification required; no devices requested")
        return nil, nil
    }

    var discoverers []discover.Discover

    driverRoot := cfg.NVIDIAContainerCLIConfig.Root
    devRoot := cfg.NVIDIAContainerCLIConfig.Root

    if image.Getenv("NVIDIA_GDS") == "enabled" {
        d, err := discover.NewGDSDiscoverer(logger, driverRoot, devRoot)
        if err != nil {
            return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to construct discoverer for GDS devices: %w", err)
        }
        discoverers = append(discoverers, d)
    }

    if image.Getenv("NVIDIA_MOFED") == "enabled" {
        d, err := discover.NewMOFEDDiscoverer(logger, devRoot)
        if err != nil {
            return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to construct discoverer for MOFED devices: %w", err)
        }
        discoverers = append(discoverers, d)
    }

    if image.Getenv("NVIDIA_NVSWITCH") == "enabled" {
        d, err := discover.NewNvSwitchDiscoverer(logger, devRoot)
        if err != nil {
            return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to construct discoverer for NVSWITCH devices: %w", err)
        }
        discoverers = append(discoverers, d)
    }

    if image.Getenv("NVIDIA_GDRCOPY") == "enabled" {
        d, err := discover.NewGDRCopyDiscoverer(logger, devRoot)
        if err != nil {
            return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to construct discoverer for GDRCopy devices: %w", err)
        }
        discoverers = append(discoverers, d)
    }

    return NewModifierFromDiscoverer(logger, discover.Merge(discoverers...))
}

// nvidia-container-toolkit/internal/modifier/discover.go
func NewModifierFromDiscoverer(logger logger.Interface, d discover.Discover) (oci.SpecModifier, error) {
    m := discoverModifier{
        logger:     logger,
        discoverer: d,
    }
    return &m, nil
}

// nvidia-container-toolkit/internal/modifier/discover.go
func (m discoverModifier) Modify(spec *specs.Spec) error {
    specEdits, err := edits.NewSpecEdits(m.logger, m.discoverer)
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("failed to get required container edits: %v", err)
    }

    return specEdits.Modify(spec)
}

// nvidia-container-toolkit/internal/modifier/discover.go
func FromDiscoverer(d discover.Discover) (*cdi.ContainerEdits, error) {
    devices, err := d.Devices()
    if err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to discover devices: %v", err)
    }

    mounts, err := d.Mounts()
    if err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to discover mounts: %v", err)
    }

    hooks, err := d.Hooks()
    if err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to discover hooks: %v", err)
    }

    c := NewContainerEdits()
    for _, d := range devices {
        edits, err := device(d).toEdits()
        if err != nil {
            return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to created container edits for device: %v", err)
        }
        c.Append(edits)
    }

    for _, m := range mounts {
        c.Append(mount(m).toEdits())
    }

    for _, h := range hooks {
        c.Append(hook(h).toEdits())
    }

    return c, nil
}

// nvidia-container-toolkit/internal/edits/edits.go
func (e *edits) Modify(spec *ociSpecs.Spec) error {
    ...
    // Apply的实现在第三方包：tags.cncf.io/container-device-interface/pkg/cdi/container-edits.go
    return e.Apply(spec)
}

3.2 nvidia-container-runtime-hook

main函数入口如下，主要做容器进程的preStart工作：

// nvidia-container-toolkit/cmd/nvidia-container-runtime-hook/main.go
func main() {
    ...
    switch args[0] {
    case "prestart":
        doPrestart()
        os.Exit(0)
    ...
    }
}

doPrestart比较简单，就是找到nvidia-container-cli并拼接相关参数调用nvidia-container-cli（注意一定会拼一个configure参数）：

func doPrestart() {
    var err error

    defer exit()
    log.SetFlags(0)

    hook, err := getHookConfig()
    if err != nil || hook == nil {
        log.Panicln("error getting hook config:", err)
    }
    cli := hook.NVIDIAContainerCLIConfig

    container := hook.getContainerConfig()
    nvidia := container.Nvidia
    if nvidia == nil {
        // Not a GPU container, nothing to do.
        return
    }

    if !hook.NVIDIAContainerRuntimeHookConfig.SkipModeDetection && info.ResolveAutoMode(&logInterceptor{}, hook.NVIDIAContainerRuntimeConfig.Mode, container.Image) != "legacy" {
        log.Panicln("invoking the NVIDIA Container Runtime Hook directly (e.g. specifying the docker --gpus flag) is not supported. Please use the NVIDIA Container Runtime (e.g. specify the --runtime=nvidia flag) instead.")
    }

    rootfs := getRootfsPath(container)

    args := []string{getCLIPath(cli)}
    if cli.Root != "" {
        args = append(args, fmt.Sprintf("--root=%s", cli.Root))
    }
    if cli.LoadKmods {
        args = append(args, "--load-kmods")
    }
    if hook.Features.DisableImexChannelCreation.IsEnabled() {
        args = append(args, "--no-create-imex-channels")
    }
    if cli.NoPivot {
        args = append(args, "--no-pivot")
    }
    if *debugflag {
        args = append(args, "--debug=/dev/stderr")
    } else if cli.Debug != "" {
        args = append(args, fmt.Sprintf("--debug=%s", cli.Debug))
    }
    if cli.Ldcache != "" {
        args = append(args, fmt.Sprintf("--ldcache=%s", cli.Ldcache))
    }
    if cli.User != "" {
        args = append(args, fmt.Sprintf("--user=%s", cli.User))
    }
    args = append(args, "configure")

    if !hook.Features.AllowCUDACompatLibsFromContainer.IsEnabled() {
        args = append(args, "--no-cntlibs")
    }
    if ldconfigPath := cli.NormalizeLDConfigPath(); ldconfigPath != "" {
        args = append(args, fmt.Sprintf("--ldconfig=%s", ldconfigPath))
    }
    if cli.NoCgroups {
        args = append(args, "--no-cgroups")
    }
    if devicesString := strings.Join(nvidia.Devices, ","); len(devicesString) > 0 {
        args = append(args, fmt.Sprintf("--device=%s", devicesString))
    }
    if len(nvidia.MigConfigDevices) > 0 {
        args = append(args, fmt.Sprintf("--mig-config=%s", nvidia.MigConfigDevices))
    }
    if len(nvidia.MigMonitorDevices) > 0 {
        args = append(args, fmt.Sprintf("--mig-monitor=%s", nvidia.MigMonitorDevices))
    }
    if imexString := strings.Join(nvidia.ImexChannels, ","); len(imexString) > 0 {
        args = append(args, fmt.Sprintf("--imex-channel=%s", imexString))
    }

    for _, cap := range strings.Split(nvidia.DriverCapabilities, ",") {
        if len(cap) == 0 {
            break
        }
        args = append(args, capabilityToCLI(cap))
    }

    for _, req := range nvidia.Requirements {
        args = append(args, fmt.Sprintf("--require=%s", req))
    }

    args = append(args, fmt.Sprintf("--pid=%s", strconv.FormatUint(uint64(container.Pid), 10)))
    args = append(args, rootfs)

    env := append(os.Environ(), cli.Environment...)
    //nolint:gosec // TODO: Can we harden this so that there is less risk of command injection?
    err = syscall.Exec(args[0], args, env)
    log.Panicln("exec failed:", err)
}

3.3 nvidia-container-cli

以下代码基于https://github.com/NVIDIA/libnvidia-container@v1.17.7

github.com/NVIDIA/libnvidia-container项目要看作两部分代码：一个是编译nvidia-container-cli可执行文件的代码，一部分是编译libnvidia-container.so动态库代码。

libnvidia-container.so相关函数以nvc_开头，例如nvc_driver_mount，而nvidia-container-cli部分调用libnvidia-container.so库函数则去掉了前缀nvc_，例如driver_mount。这点对于查看源码的读者应该会很有帮助

main函数入口如下，先是加载libnvc库相关函数，然后解析参数并执行相关命令：

// github.com/NVIDIA/libnvidia-container/src/cli/main.c
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
        struct context ctx = {.uid = (uid_t)-1, .gid = (gid_t)-1};
        int rv;

        if ((rv = load_libnvc()) != 0)
                goto fail;

        argp_parse(&usage, argc, argv, ARGP_IN_ORDER, NULL, &ctx);
        rv = ctx.command->func(&ctx);
 fail:
        free(ctx.devices);
        free(ctx.init_flags);
        free(ctx.container_flags);
        free(ctx.mig_config);
        free(ctx.mig_monitor);
        free(ctx.imex_channels);
        free(ctx.driver_opts);
        return (rv);
}

load_libnvc，分为v0和v1两个方法，我这里环境适用于v1方法，也就是走load_libnvc_v1：

// github.com/NVIDIA/libnvidia-container/src/cli/libnvc.c
int
load_libnvc(void)
{
        if (is_tegra() && !nvml_available())
                return load_libnvc_v0();
        return load_libnvc_v1();
}

load_libnvc_v1：

// github.com/NVIDIA/libnvidia-container/src/cli/libnvc.c
static int
load_libnvc_v1(void)
{
        #define load_libnvc_func(func) \
            libnvc.func = nvc_##func

        load_libnvc_func(config_free);
        load_libnvc_func(config_new);
        load_libnvc_func(container_config_free);
        load_libnvc_func(container_config_new);
        load_libnvc_func(container_free);
        load_libnvc_func(container_new);
        load_libnvc_func(context_free);
        load_libnvc_func(context_new);
        load_libnvc_func(device_info_free);
        load_libnvc_func(device_info_new);
        load_libnvc_func(device_mount);
        load_libnvc_func(driver_info_free);
        load_libnvc_func(driver_info_new);
        load_libnvc_func(driver_mount);
        load_libnvc_func(error);
        load_libnvc_func(init);
        load_libnvc_func(ldcache_update);
        load_libnvc_func(shutdown);
        load_libnvc_func(version);
        load_libnvc_func(nvcaps_style);
        load_libnvc_func(nvcaps_device_from_proc_path);
        load_libnvc_func(mig_device_access_caps_mount);
        load_libnvc_func(mig_config_global_caps_mount);
        load_libnvc_func(mig_monitor_global_caps_mount);
        load_libnvc_func(device_mig_caps_mount);
        load_libnvc_func(imex_channel_mount);

        return (0);
}

再看看带有configure参数对应的函数：

// github.com/NVIDIA/libnvidia-container/src/cli/configure.c
int
configure_command(const struct context *ctx)
{
        struct nvc_context *nvc = NULL;
        struct nvc_config *nvc_cfg = NULL;
        struct nvc_driver_info *drv = NULL;
        struct nvc_device_info *dev = NULL;
        struct nvc_container *cnt = NULL;
        struct nvc_container_config *cnt_cfg = NULL;
        bool eval_reqs = true;
        struct devices devices = {0};
        struct devices mig_config_devices = {0};
        struct devices mig_monitor_devices = {0};
        struct error err = {0};
        int rv = EXIT_FAILURE;

        if (perm_set_capabilities(&err, CAP_PERMITTED, pcaps, nitems(pcaps)) < 0 ||
            perm_set_capabilities(&err, CAP_INHERITABLE, NULL, 0) < 0 ||
            perm_set_bounds(&err, bcaps, nitems(bcaps)) < 0) {
                warnx("permission error: %s", err.msg);
                return (rv);
        }

        /* Initialize the library and container contexts. */
        int c = ctx->load_kmods ? NVC_INIT_KMODS : NVC_INIT;
        if (perm_set_capabilities(&err, CAP_EFFECTIVE, ecaps[c], ecaps_size(c)) < 0) {
                warnx("permission error: %s", err.msg);
                goto fail;
        }
        if ((nvc = libnvc.context_new()) == NULL ||
            (nvc_cfg = libnvc.config_new()) == NULL ||
            (cnt_cfg = libnvc.container_config_new(ctx->pid, ctx->rootfs)) == NULL) {
                warn("memory allocation failed");
                goto fail;
        }
        nvc->no_pivot = ctx->no_pivot;
        nvc_cfg->uid = ctx->uid;
        nvc_cfg->gid = ctx->gid;
        nvc_cfg->root = ctx->root;
        nvc_cfg->ldcache = ctx->ldcache;
        if (parse_imex_info(&err, ctx->imex_channels, &nvc_cfg->imex) < 0) {
                warnx("error parsing IMEX info: %s", err.msg);
                goto fail;
        }
        if (libnvc.init(nvc, nvc_cfg, ctx->init_flags) < 0) {
                warnx("initialization error: %s", libnvc.error(nvc));
                goto fail;
        }
        if (perm_set_capabilities(&err, CAP_EFFECTIVE, ecaps[NVC_CONTAINER], ecaps_size(NVC_CONTAINER)) < 0) {
                warnx("permission error: %s", err.msg);
                goto fail;
        }
        cnt_cfg->ldconfig = ctx->ldconfig;
        if ((cnt = libnvc.container_new(nvc, cnt_cfg, ctx->container_flags)) == NULL) {
                warnx("container error: %s", libnvc.error(nvc));
                goto fail;
        }

        /* Query the driver and device information. */
        if (perm_set_capabilities(&err, CAP_EFFECTIVE, ecaps[NVC_INFO], ecaps_size(NVC_INFO)) < 0) {
                warnx("permission error: %s", err.msg);
                goto fail;
        }
        if ((drv = libnvc.driver_info_new(nvc, ctx->driver_opts)) == NULL ||
            (dev = libnvc.device_info_new(nvc, NULL)) == NULL) {
                warnx("detection error: %s", libnvc.error(nvc));
                goto fail;
        }

        /* Allocate space for selecting GPU devices and MIG devices */
        if (new_devices(&err, dev, &devices) < 0) {
                warn("memory allocation failed: %s", err.msg);
                goto fail;
        }

        /* Allocate space for selecting which devices are available for MIG config */
        if (new_devices(&err, dev, &mig_config_devices) < 0) {
                warn("memory allocation failed: %s", err.msg);
                goto fail;
        }

        /* Allocate space for selecting which devices are available for MIG monitor */
        if (new_devices(&err, dev, &mig_monitor_devices) < 0) {
                warn("memory allocation failed: %s", err.msg);
                goto fail;
        }

        /* Select the visible GPU devices. */
        if (dev->ngpus > 0) {
                if (select_devices(&err, ctx->devices, dev, &devices) < 0) {
                        warnx("device error: %s", err.msg);
                        goto fail;
                }
        }

        /* Select the devices available for MIG config among the visible devices. */
        if (select_mig_config_devices(&err, ctx->mig_config, &devices, &mig_config_devices) < 0) {
                warnx("mig-config error: %s", err.msg);
                goto fail;
        }

        /* Select the devices available for MIG monitor among the visible devices. */
        if (select_mig_monitor_devices(&err, ctx->mig_monitor, &devices, &mig_monitor_devices) < 0) {
                warnx("mig-monitor error: %s", err.msg);
                goto fail;
        }

        /*
         * Check the container requirements.
         * Try evaluating per visible device first, and globally otherwise.
         */
        for (size_t i = 0; i < devices.ngpus; ++i) {
                struct dsl_data data = {drv, devices.gpus[i]};
                for (size_t j = 0; j < ctx->nreqs; ++j) {
                        if (dsl_evaluate(&err, ctx->reqs[j], &data, rules, nitems(rules)) < 0) {
                                warnx("requirement error: %s", err.msg);
                                goto fail;
                        }
                }
                eval_reqs = false;
        }
        for (size_t i = 0; i < devices.nmigs; ++i) {
                struct dsl_data data = {drv, devices.migs[i]->parent};
                for (size_t j = 0; j < ctx->nreqs; ++j) {
                        if (dsl_evaluate(&err, ctx->reqs[j], &data, rules, nitems(rules)) < 0) {
                                warnx("requirement error: %s", err.msg);
                                goto fail;
                        }
                }
                eval_reqs = false;
        }
        if (eval_reqs) {
                struct dsl_data data = {drv, NULL};
                for (size_t j = 0; j < ctx->nreqs; ++j) {
                        if (dsl_evaluate(&err, ctx->reqs[j], &data, rules, nitems(rules)) < 0) {
                                warnx("requirement error: %s", err.msg);
                                goto fail;
                        }
                }
        }

        /* Mount the driver, visible devices, mig-configs, mig-monitors, and imex-channels. */
        if (perm_set_capabilities(&err, CAP_EFFECTIVE, ecaps[NVC_MOUNT], ecaps_size(NVC_MOUNT)) < 0) {
                warnx("permission error: %s", err.msg);
                goto fail;
        }
        if (libnvc.driver_mount(nvc, cnt, drv) < 0) {
                warnx("mount error: %s", libnvc.error(nvc));
                goto fail;
        }
        for (size_t i = 0; i < devices.ngpus; ++i) {
                if (libnvc.device_mount(nvc, cnt, devices.gpus[i]) < 0) {
                        warnx("mount error: %s", libnvc.error(nvc));
                        goto fail;
                }
        }
        if (!mig_config_devices.all && !mig_monitor_devices.all) {
                for (size_t i = 0; i < devices.nmigs; ++i) {
                        if (libnvc.mig_device_access_caps_mount(nvc, cnt, devices.migs[i]) < 0) {
                                warnx("mount error: %s", libnvc.error(nvc));
                                goto fail;
                        }
                }
        }
        if (mig_config_devices.all && mig_config_devices.ngpus) {
                if (libnvc.mig_config_global_caps_mount(nvc, cnt) < 0) {
                        warnx("mount error: %s", libnvc.error(nvc));
                        goto fail;
                }
                for (size_t i = 0; i < mig_config_devices.ngpus; ++i) {
                        if (libnvc.device_mig_caps_mount(nvc, cnt, mig_config_devices.gpus[i]) < 0) {
                                warnx("mount error: %s", libnvc.error(nvc));
                                goto fail;
                        }
                }
        }
        if (mig_monitor_devices.all && mig_monitor_devices.ngpus) {
                if (libnvc.mig_monitor_global_caps_mount(nvc, cnt) < 0) {
                        warnx("mount error: %s", libnvc.error(nvc));
                        goto fail;
                }
                for (size_t i = 0; i < mig_monitor_devices.ngpus; ++i) {
                        if (libnvc.device_mig_caps_mount(nvc, cnt, mig_monitor_devices.gpus[i]) < 0) {
                                warnx("mount error: %s", libnvc.error(nvc));
                                goto fail;
                        }
                }
        }
        for (size_t i = 0; i < nvc_cfg->imex.nchans; ++i) {
                if (libnvc.imex_channel_mount(nvc, cnt, &nvc_cfg->imex.chans[i]) < 0) {
                        warnx("mount error: %s", libnvc.error(nvc));
                        goto fail;
                }
        }

        /* Update the container ldcache. */
        if (perm_set_capabilities(&err, CAP_EFFECTIVE, ecaps[NVC_LDCACHE], ecaps_size(NVC_LDCACHE)) < 0) {
                warnx("permission error: %s", err.msg);
                goto fail;
        }
        if (libnvc.ldcache_update(nvc, cnt) < 0) {
                warnx("ldcache error: %s", libnvc.error(nvc));
                goto fail;
        }

        if (perm_set_capabilities(&err, CAP_EFFECTIVE, ecaps[NVC_SHUTDOWN], ecaps_size(NVC_SHUTDOWN)) < 0) {
                warnx("permission error: %s", err.msg);
                goto fail;
        }
        rv = EXIT_SUCCESS;

 fail:
        free(nvc_cfg->imex.chans);
        free_devices(&devices);
        libnvc.shutdown(nvc);
        libnvc.container_free(cnt);
        libnvc.device_info_free(dev);
        libnvc.driver_info_free(drv);
        libnvc.container_config_free(cnt_cfg);
        libnvc.config_free(nvc_cfg);
        libnvc.context_free(nvc);
        error_reset(&err);
        return (rv);
}

在libnvc.driver_info_new函数中，lookup_paths主要是查找库、nvidia-smi等可执行文件，lookup_devices主要是查找GPU设备：

// github.com/NVIDIA/libnvidia-container/src/nvc_info.c
struct nvc_driver_info *
nvc_driver_info_new(struct nvc_context *ctx, const char *opts)
{
        struct nvc_driver_info *info;
        int32_t flags;

        if (validate_context(ctx) < 0)
                return (NULL);
        if (opts == NULL)
                opts = default_driver_opts;
        if ((flags = options_parse(&ctx->err, opts, driver_opts, nitems(driver_opts))) < 0)
                return (NULL);

        log_infof("requesting driver information with '%s'", opts);
        if ((info = xcalloc(&ctx->err, 1, sizeof(*info))) == NULL)
                return (NULL);

        if (driver_get_rm_version(&ctx->err, &info->nvrm_version) < 0)
                goto fail;
        if (driver_get_cuda_version(&ctx->err, &info->cuda_version) < 0)
                goto fail;
        if (lookup_paths(&ctx->err, &ctx->dxcore, info, ctx->cfg.root, flags, ctx->cfg.ldcache) < 0)
                goto fail;
        if (lookup_devices(&ctx->err, &ctx->dxcore, info, ctx->cfg.root, flags) < 0)
                goto fail;
        if (lookup_ipcs(&ctx->err, info, ctx->cfg.root, flags) < 0)
                goto fail;
        return (info);

 fail:
        nvc_driver_info_free(info);
        return (NULL);
}

挂载driver逻辑：

// github.com/NVIDIA/libnvidia-container/src/nvc_mount.c
int
nvc_driver_mount(struct nvc_context *ctx, const struct nvc_container *cnt, const struct nvc_driver_info *info)
{
        const char **mnt, **ptr, **tmp;
        size_t nmnt;
        int rv = -1;

        if (validate_context(ctx) < 0)
                return (-1);
        if (validate_args(ctx, cnt != NULL && info != NULL) < 0)
                return (-1);

        if (ns_enter(&ctx->err, cnt->mnt_ns, CLONE_NEWNS) < 0)
                return (-1);

        nmnt = 2 + info->nbins + info->nlibs + cnt->nlibs + info->nlibs32 + info->nipcs + info->ndevs + info->nfirmwares;
        mnt = ptr = (const char **)array_new(&ctx->err, nmnt);
        if (mnt == NULL)
                goto fail;

        /* Procfs mount */
        if (ctx->dxcore.initialized)
                log_warn("skipping procfs mount on WSL");
        else if ((*ptr++ = mount_procfs(&ctx->err, ctx->cfg.root, cnt)) == NULL)
                goto fail;

        /* Application profile mount */
        if (cnt->flags & OPT_GRAPHICS_LIBS) {
                if (ctx->dxcore.initialized)
                        log_warn("skipping app profile mount on WSL");
                else if ((*ptr++ = mount_app_profile(&ctx->err, cnt)) == NULL)
                        goto fail;
        }

        /* Host binary and library mounts */
        if (info->bins != NULL && info->nbins > 0) {
                if ((tmp = (const char **)mount_files(&ctx->err, ctx->cfg.root, cnt, cnt->cfg.bins_dir, info->bins, info->nbins)) == NULL)
                        goto fail;
                ptr = array_append(ptr, tmp, array_size(tmp));
                free(tmp);
        }
        if (info->libs != NULL && info->nlibs > 0) {
                if ((tmp = (const char **)mount_files(&ctx->err, ctx->cfg.root, cnt, cnt->cfg.libs_dir, info->libs, info->nlibs)) == NULL)
                        goto fail;
                ptr = array_append(ptr, tmp, array_size(tmp));
                free(tmp);
        }
        if ((cnt->flags & OPT_COMPAT32) && info->libs32 != NULL && info->nlibs32 > 0) {
                if ((tmp = (const char **)mount_files(&ctx->err, ctx->cfg.root, cnt, cnt->cfg.libs32_dir, info->libs32, info->nlibs32)) == NULL)
                        goto fail;
                ptr = array_append(ptr, tmp, array_size(tmp));
                free(tmp);
        }
        if (symlink_libraries(&ctx->err, cnt, mnt, (size_t)(ptr - mnt)) < 0)
                goto fail;

        /* Container library mounts */
        if ((cnt->flags & OPT_CUDA_COMPAT_MODE_MOUNT) && cnt->libs != NULL && cnt->nlibs > 0) {
                if ((tmp = (const char **)mount_files(&ctx->err, cnt->cfg.rootfs, cnt, cnt->cfg.libs_dir, cnt->libs, cnt->nlibs)) == NULL) {
                        goto fail;
                }
                ptr = array_append(ptr, tmp, array_size(tmp));
                free(tmp);
        }

        /* Firmware mounts */
        for (size_t i = 0; i < info->nfirmwares; ++i) {
                if ((*ptr++ = mount_firmware(&ctx->err, ctx->cfg.root, cnt, info->firmwares[i])) == NULL) {
                        log_errf("error mounting firmware path %s", info->firmwares[i]);
                        goto fail;
                }
        }

        /* IPC mounts */
        for (size_t i = 0; i < info->nipcs; ++i) {
                /* XXX Only utility libraries require persistenced or fabricmanager IPC, everything else is compute only. */
                if (str_has_suffix(NV_PERSISTENCED_SOCKET, info->ipcs[i]) || str_has_suffix(NV_FABRICMANAGER_SOCKET, info->ipcs[i])) {
                        if (!(cnt->flags & OPT_UTILITY_LIBS))
                                continue;
                } else if (!(cnt->flags & OPT_COMPUTE_LIBS))
                        continue;
                if ((*ptr++ = mount_ipc(&ctx->err, ctx->cfg.root, cnt, info->ipcs[i])) == NULL)
                        goto fail;
        }

        /* Device mounts */
        for (size_t i = 0; i < info->ndevs; ++i) {
                /* On WSL2 we only mount the /dev/dxg device and as such these checks are not applicable. */
                if (!ctx->dxcore.initialized) {
                        /* XXX Only compute libraries require specific devices (e.g. UVM). */
                        if (!(cnt->flags & OPT_COMPUTE_LIBS) && major(info->devs[i].id) != NV_DEVICE_MAJOR)
                                continue;
                        /* XXX Only display capability requires the modeset device. */
                        if (!(cnt->flags & OPT_DISPLAY) && minor(info->devs[i].id) == NV_MODESET_DEVICE_MINOR)
                                continue;
                }
                if (!(cnt->flags & OPT_NO_DEVBIND)) {
                        if ((*ptr++ = mount_device(&ctx->err, ctx->cfg.root, cnt, &info->devs[i])) == NULL)
                                goto fail;
                }
                if (!(cnt->flags & OPT_NO_CGROUPS)) {
                        if (setup_device_cgroup(&ctx->err, cnt, info->devs[i].id) < 0)
                                goto fail;
                }
        }
        rv = 0;

 fail:
        if (rv < 0) {
                for (size_t i = 0; mnt != NULL && i < nmnt; ++i)
                        unmount(mnt[i]);
                assert_func(ns_enter_at(NULL, ctx->mnt_ns, CLONE_NEWNS));
        } else {
                rv = ns_enter_at(&ctx->err, ctx->mnt_ns, CLONE_NEWNS);
        }

        array_free((char **)mnt, nmnt);
        return (rv);
}

挂载设备逻辑：

// github.com/NVIDIA/libnvidia-container/src/nvc_mount.c
int
nvc_device_mount(struct nvc_context *ctx, const struct nvc_container *cnt, const struct nvc_device *dev)
{
        int rv = -1;

        if (validate_context(ctx) < 0)
                return (-1);
        if (validate_args(ctx, cnt != NULL && dev != NULL) < 0)
                return (-1);

        if (ns_enter(&ctx->err, cnt->mnt_ns, CLONE_NEWNS) < 0)
                return (-1);

        if (ctx->dxcore.initialized)
                rv = device_mount_dxcore(ctx, cnt);
        else rv = device_mount_native(ctx, cnt, dev);

        if (rv < 0)
                assert_func(ns_enter_at(NULL, ctx->mnt_ns, CLONE_NEWNS));
        else rv = ns_enter_at(&ctx->err, ctx->mnt_ns, CLONE_NEWNS);

        return (rv);
}