Docker的安装与常用命令（跟着狂神的手敲笔记）

本文详细介绍Docker在CentOS 7环境下的安装步骤及常用命令的使用方法，包括镜像与容器的基本操作。

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1、安装Docker

环境准备

需要会一点点的Linux基础
centos 7
使用虚拟机操作工具

环境查看

[root@localhost ~]# uname -r
3.10.0-1127.13.1.el7.x86_64
    
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/os-release 
NAME="CentOS Linux"
VERSION="7 (Core)"
ID="centos"
ID_LIKE="rhel fedora"
VERSION_ID="7"
PRETTY_NAME="CentOS Linux 7 (Core)"
ANSI_COLOR="0;31"
CPE_NAME="cpe:/o:centos:centos:7"
HOME_URL="https://www.centos.org/"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.centos.org/"

CENTOS_MANTISBT_PROJECT="CentOS-7"
CENTOS_MANTISBT_PROJECT_VERSION="7"
REDHAT_SUPPORT_PRODUCT="centos"
REDHAT_SUPPORT_PRODUCT_VERSION="7"

安装

帮助文档：

 #1、卸载旧的docker
$ sudo yum remove docker \
                  docker-client \
                  docker-client-latest \
                  docker-common \
                  docker-latest \
                  docker-latest-logrotate \
                  docker-logrotate \
                  docker-engine
 #2、需要的安装包
 yum install -y yum-utils
                  
 #3、使用阿里云镜像地址
 yum-config-manager --add-repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
 
 # 更新索引
 yum makecache fast
 #4、安装docker相关的包 docker-ce社区版  ee企业版
sudo yum install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io

 #5、启动docker，并查看版本
 systemctl start docker
 docker version
 
 #6、测试hello-world
 docker run hello-world

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-dnZJZp7n-1600849585168)(C:\Users\HP\AppData\Roaming\Typora\typora-user-images\image-20200923144810402.png)]

#7、查看一下下载的这个hello-world镜像
[root@localhost rpm]# docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
hello-world         latest              bf756fb1ae65        8 months ago        13.3kB

#了解：、卸载docker

yum remove docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io
rm -rf /var/lib/docker

2、Docker常用命令

帮助命令

官方命令文档：https://docs.docker.com/reference/

docker version  #显示版本信息
docker info  	#显示docker的具体信息
dockers 命令 --help  #帮助命令

镜像命令

docker images 查看所有本地上的主机镜像

[root@localhost rpm]# docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
hello-world         latest              bf756fb1ae65        8 months ago        13.3kB

#解释
REPOSITORY  镜像的仓库源
TAG			镜像的标签
IMAGE ID	镜像的ID
CREATED		镜像的创建时间
SIZE		镜像的大小

#可选项
Options:
  -a, --all            #显示所有的镜像信息
  -q, --quiet          #只显示镜像的ID
  -aq 				   #一起使用

docker pull 下载镜像

在这里插入图片描述

# 下载镜像 docker pull 镜像名:[tag]
[root@localhost rpm]# docker pull mysql:5.7
5.7: Pulling from library/mysql #如果不写tag，默认就是latest
d121f8d1c412: Pull complete 
f3cebc0b4691: Pull complete #分层下载，docker images的核心 ，联合文件系统
1862755a0b37: Pull complete 
489b44f3dbb4: Pull complete 
690874f836db: Pull complete 
baa8be383ffb: Pull complete 
55356608b4ac: Pull complete 
277d8f888368: Pull complete 
21f2da6feb67: Pull complete 
2c98f818bcb9: Pull complete 
031b0a770162: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:14fd47ec8724954b63d1a236d2299b8da25c9bbb8eacc739bb88038d82da4919
Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:5.7
docker.io/library/mysql:5.7 #真实地址

docker pull mysql  #等价于  docker pull docker.io/library/mysql:5.7

# 删除镜像
docker rmi -f 镜像id 					#删除指定镜像
docker rmi -f $(docker images -aq)   #递归删除，删除机器上所有镜像
docker rmi -ef 镜像id 镜像id 镜像id	 #批量删除

容器命令

说明：我们有了镜像才可以创建容器，Linux，下载一个centos镜像来测试学习

docker pull centos

新建容器并启动

docker run[可选参数] image

#参数说明
--name "Name" 	容器名字  tomcat1 tomcat2 用于区分容器
-d 				后台方式运行
-it				使用交互方式运行，进入容器查看内容
-p				指定容器的端口 port -p 8080:8080
		-p 主机端口：容器端口 （常用）
		-p 容器端口
-P				随机指定端口

#测试 启动并进入容器
[root@localhost ~]# docker run -it centos /bin/bash
[root@6505aee5845e /]# ls  #查看容器内的centos
bin  etc   lib    lost+found  mnt  proc  run   srv  tmp  var
dev  home  lib64  media       opt  root  sbin  sys  usr

#从容器中退出主机
[root@6505aee5845e /]# exit
exit
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg       mysql.cnf  公共  视频  文档  音乐
initial-setup-ks.cfg  start.sh   模板  图片  下载  桌面

列出所有运行的容器

# docker ps命令
	# 列出当前正在运行的容器
	# -a 带出历史运行过的容器
-n	#显示最近创建的容器
-q	#只显示容器的编号
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps 
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS                          PORTS                               NAMES
6505aee5845e        centos              "/bin/bash"              3 minutes ago       Exited (0) About a minute ago                                       optimistic_dirac
5614ef8be03a        hello-world         "/hello"                 55 minutes ago      Exited (0) 55 minutes ago                                           great_wilbur
fd5ed29f7c70        centos              "/bin/bash"              About an hour ago                                           redis

退出容器

exit #直接停止容器并退出
crtl + p + q #容器不停止退出

删除容器

docker rm 容器id  					#删除指定容器
docker rm -f $(docker ps -aq)		 #删除所有的容器

启动和停止容器的操作

docker start 容器id		# 启动容器 
docker restart 容器id		# 重启容器
docker stop 容器id		# 停止容器
docker kill 容器id		# 杀掉容器

常用的其他命令：

后台启动容器

# 命令 docker run -d 镜像名
# 他必须需要一个前台进程

查看日志

# 查看日志
[root@localhost ~]# docker logs -ft --tail 10 1efaad13b4a3
2020-09-23T07:54:10.637632295Z [root@1efaad13b4a3 /]# ls
2020-09-23T07:54:10.641132232Z bin  etc   lib     lost+found  mnt  proc  run   srv  tmp  var
2020-09-23T07:54:10.641149431Z dev  home  lib64  media       opt  root  sbin  sys  usr
2020-09-23T07:54:15.869476953Z [root@1efaad13b4a3 /]# docker ps
2020-09-23T07:54:15.869494780Z bash: docker: command not found
2020-09-23T07:54:24.865018847Z [root@1efaad13b4a3 /]# ^C

# 一段简单的shell脚本
docker run -d centos /bin/bash -c "while true;do echo jk;sleep 1;done"

docker logs -ft --tail 10 1efaad13b4a3 	#显示指定条数的日志
docker logs -ft 1efaad13b4a3    		#显示所有的日志

查看容器中的进程信息

# 命令 docker top 容器id
[root@localhost ~]# docker top 1efaad13b4a3
UID                 PID                 PPID                C                   STIME               TTY                 TIME                CMD
root                25844               25827               0                   15:54               pts/0               00:00:00            /bin/bash

# 命令 docker inspect 
[root@localhost ~]# docker inspect 1efaad13b4a3
[
    {
        "Id": "1efaad13b4a390db73009eb4fce25a458dc161e375107d09bc5071e734e7cb00",
        "Created": "2020-09-23T07:54:09.396505382Z",
        "Path": "/bin/bash",
        "Args": [],
        "State": {
            "Status": "running",
            "Running": true,
            "Paused": false,
            "Restarting": false,
            "OOMKilled": false,
            "Dead": false,
            "Pid": 25844,
            "ExitCode": 0,
            "Error": "",
            "StartedAt": "2020-09-23T07:54:09.866783201Z",
            "FinishedAt": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
        },
        "Image": "sha256:0d120b6ccaa8c5e149176798b3501d4dd1885f961922497cd0abef155c869566",
        "ResolvConfPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/1efaad13b4a390db73009eb4fce25a458dc161e375107d09bc5071e734e7cb00/resolv.conf",
        "HostnamePath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/1efaad13b4a390db73009eb4fce25a458dc161e375107d09bc5071e734e7cb00/hostname",
        "HostsPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/1efaad13b4a390db73009eb4fce25a458dc161e375107d09bc5071e734e7cb00/hosts",
        "LogPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/1efaad13b4a390db73009eb4fce25a458dc161e375107d09bc5071e734e7cb00/1efaad13b4a390db73009eb4fce25a458dc161e375107d09bc5071e734e7cb00-json.log",
        "Name": "/naughty_jepsen",
        "RestartCount": 0,
        "Driver": "overlay2",
        "Platform": "linux",
        "MountLabel": "",
        "ProcessLabel": "",
        "AppArmorProfile": "",
        "ExecIDs": null,
        "HostConfig": {
            "Binds": null,
            "ContainerIDFile": "",
            "LogConfig": {
                "Type": "json-file",
                "Config": {}
            },
            "NetworkMode": "default",
            "PortBindings": {},
            "RestartPolicy": {
                "Name": "no",
                "MaximumRetryCount": 0
            },
            "AutoRemove": false,
            "VolumeDriver": "",
            "VolumesFrom": null,
            "CapAdd": null,
            "CapDrop": null,
            "Capabilities": null,
            "Dns": [],
            "DnsOptions": [],
            "DnsSearch": [],
            "ExtraHosts": null,
            "GroupAdd": null,
            "IpcMode": "private",
            "Cgroup": "",
            "Links": null,
            "OomScoreAdj": 0,
            "PidMode": "",
            "Privileged": false,
            "PublishAllPorts": false,
            "ReadonlyRootfs": false,
            "SecurityOpt": null,
            "UTSMode": "",
            "UsernsMode": "",
            "ShmSize": 67108864,
            "Runtime": "runc",
            "ConsoleSize": [
                0,
                0
            ],
            "Isolation": "",
            "CpuShares": 0,
            "Memory": 0,
            "NanoCpus": 0,
            "CgroupParent": "",
            "BlkioWeight": 0,
            "BlkioWeightDevice": [],
            "BlkioDeviceReadBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceReadIOps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteIOps": null,
            "CpuPeriod": 0,
            "CpuQuota": 0,
            "CpuRealtimePeriod": 0,
            "CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0,
            "CpusetCpus": "",
            "CpusetMems": "",
            "Devices": [],
            "DeviceCgroupRules": null,
            "DeviceRequests": null,
            "KernelMemory": 0,
            "KernelMemoryTCP": 0,
            "MemoryReservation": 0,
            "MemorySwap": 0,
            "MemorySwappiness": null,
            "OomKillDisable": false,
            "PidsLimit": null,
            "Ulimits": null,
            "CpuCount": 0,
            "CpuPercent": 0,
            "IOMaximumIOps": 0,
            "IOMaximumBandwidth": 0,
            "MaskedPaths": [
                "/proc/asound",
                "/proc/acpi",
                "/proc/kcore",
                "/proc/keys",
                "/proc/latency_stats",
                "/proc/timer_list",
                "/proc/timer_stats",
                "/proc/sched_debug",
                "/proc/scsi",
                "/sys/firmware"
            ],
            "ReadonlyPaths": [
                "/proc/bus",
                "/proc/fs",
                "/proc/irq",
                "/proc/sys",
                "/proc/sysrq-trigger"
            ]
        },
        "GraphDriver": {
            "Data": {
                "LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/85d46b597a394bdebe9054ceec7b0ef6990bc3b6a2a48aadeb8059226cdc4e7a-init/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/3b851bfedc6e31280e4e320b2369eb587ffc0c82d53d9e261894213e1a325ffb/diff",
                "MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/85d46b597a394bdebe9054ceec7b0ef6990bc3b6a2a48aadeb8059226cdc4e7a/merged",
                "UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/85d46b597a394bdebe9054ceec7b0ef6990bc3b6a2a48aadeb8059226cdc4e7a/diff",
                "WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/85d46b597a394bdebe9054ceec7b0ef6990bc3b6a2a48aadeb8059226cdc4e7a/work"
            },
            "Name": "overlay2"
        },
        "Mounts": [],
        "Config": {
            "Hostname": "1efaad13b4a3",
            "Domainname": "",
            "User": "",
            "AttachStdin": true,
            "AttachStdout": true,
            "AttachStderr": true,
            "Tty": true,
            "OpenStdin": true,
            "StdinOnce": true,
            "Env": [
                "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
            ],
            "Cmd": [
                "/bin/bash"
            ],
            "Image": "centos",
            "Volumes": null,
            "WorkingDir": "",
            "Entrypoint": null,
            "OnBuild": null,
            "Labels": {
                "org.label-schema.build-date": "20200809",
                "org.label-schema.license": "GPLv2",
                "org.label-schema.name": "CentOS Base Image",
                "org.label-schema.schema-version": "1.0",
                "org.label-schema.vendor": "CentOS"
            }
        },
        "NetworkSettings": {
            "Bridge": "",
            "SandboxID": "c38fe2addf204dbc500f1409622a81f23f061dc07c8019f00f3aa40d9a83f4f1",
            "HairpinMode": false,
            "LinkLocalIPv6Address": "",
            "LinkLocalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "Ports": {},
            "SandboxKey": "/var/run/docker/netns/c38fe2addf20",
            "SecondaryIPAddresses": null,
            "SecondaryIPv6Addresses": null,
            "EndpointID": "e7257b650c307d6e3d3cde51575cddfbe05e6a38e531dafe16f2c17385aca0c7",
            "Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
            "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
            "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",
            "IPPrefixLen": 16,
            "IPv6Gateway": "",
            "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
            "Networks": {
                "bridge": {
                    "IPAMConfig": null,
                    "Links": null,
                    "Aliases": null,
                    "NetworkID": "8a9f8adb2a5abecefdd5dc26f0d79ea564b23a8ff9694a8b446a89d56e02108b",
                    "EndpointID": "e7257b650c307d6e3d3cde51575cddfbe05e6a38e531dafe16f2c17385aca0c7",
                    "Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
                    "IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",
                    "IPPrefixLen": 16,
                    "IPv6Gateway": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
                    "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
                    "DriverOpts": null
                }
            }
        }
    }
]

进入当前正在运行的容器

# 通常容器都是用后台方式运行的，需要进入容器修改一些配置的时候就需要进入容器

# 通过executor执行器进入docker容器内部 是创建一个新的命令行
[root@localhost ~]# docker exec -it 1efaad13b4a3 /bin/bash

# 进入的是正在运行的命令行
[root@localhost ~]# docker attach 1efaad13b4a3

# docker exec		进入容器后开启一个新的终端，可以在里面操作
# docker attach 	进入容器正在执行的终端，不会启动的新的进程

将容器中的文件拷贝到主机

# 进入docker容器内部
[root@localhost home]# docker attach 1efaad13b4a3
[root@1efaad13b4a3 /]# ls
bin  etc   lib    lost+found  mnt  proc  run   srv  tmp  var
dev  home  lib64  media       opt  root  sbin  sys  usr
[root@1efaad13b4a3 /]# cd /home/
[root@1efaad13b4a3 home]# ls
# 在容器内创建一个文件
[root@1efaad13b4a3 home]# touch test.java
[root@1efaad13b4a3 home]# exit
exit
[root@localhost home]# docker ps 
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
[root@localhost home]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS                        PORTS               NAMES
b39afeeaec8e        centos              "/bin/bash -C 'while…"   16 minutes ago      Exited (127) 16 minutes ago                       wonderful_goldberg                       nice_gagarin
# 将这个文件拷贝到主机上
[root@localhost home]# docker cp 1efaad13b4a3:/home/test.java /home
[root@localhost home]# ls
software  test.java

# 拷贝是一个手动的过程，之后可以用-V 卷的方式 同步容器内和主机的内容

小结

Docker 理解

这张图我认为还是画的非常好的，能够很好的理解Docker基础的一些东西。

以上都是本人手敲的一些基础的Docker笔记
喝水不忘，这里我发一下狂神的视频地址，以供大家学习；
https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1og4y1q7M4?p=13