4.1 Maximum and Minimum Value

本文介绍了微积分的基础概念,包括线性逼近、微分、绝对极值与局部极值的概念及求法,还讨论了罗尔定理、牛顿法及反导数等重要知识点。并提供了实际例子帮助理解。

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3.10 Linear approximations and differentials

L(x)=fa+f’a(x-a)
已知函数上的一个点,求,通过他的直线方程

例题:
已知函数方程,A点的X 值,求Lx
1. 带入a, 得到fa值
2. 求出F’a
3. 计算

Differentials
dy=f’x dx
已知函数方程,2个接近的X值

Let c be a number in the domain D of a function F. Then Fc is the

Absolute maximum value of f on D if Fc>=fx for all x in D
Absolute minimum value of f on D if Fc<=fx for all x in D

The number fc is a
local max value of f if fc>=fx when x is near c
local min value of f if fc<=fx when x is near c

ex:
-1<=cosx<=1
fx=x^2, f(0) is absolute and local min value of f, but no highest, so no max value
fx=x^3, no max,no min

if the max value is at the endpoint,it is not local max

The extreme value Theorem:
if f is continuous on a closed interval [a,b], then f attains an absoulte max value fc and an absolute min value fd ate some number c and d in[a,b].
如果是在闭合区间A,B, 函数会有C,D对应的最值

如果不连续,也可以有最大值,和最小值
不闭合区间,看情况

导数是切线斜率
Fermat’s Theorem
If f has a local max, or min at c and if f’c exists, then f’c=0
如果函数有局部最大值,或者最小值在C点,并且C的导数存在,那么C的导数为0

但是也不能依赖于这个定理,比如Fx=x^3, f’x=3x^2, f0=0, 但是他并没有最大最小值。只是表示,在0点有个水平的切线

再比如Fx=|x|局部最小和最大都在0,但是这一点导数不存在。

函数有最值,也许根本没有导数,
也许有导数为0,但是导数这点没有最值

A critical number of a function f is a number c in the domain of f such that either f’c=0 or f’c does not exist.
一个函数的critical number,是一个数字C在F的定义域里,导数C为0,或者导数不存在。

如果函数F 有局部最大最小值 在C这个点,那么C就是F的critical number

闭合区间方法:
在一个连续函数F,的闭合区间里【a,b】.发现最大和最小值
1. 在(a,b)之间,函数的critical number的函数值
2. 找到函数区间端点的函数值
3. 比较得到的数字-》得到最值

题的类型:
1. 给图像,找值
2. 给函数:求Critical number, 求最值

4.2 The Mean Value Theorem

Rolle’s Theorem
当F是一个函数,满足下列3个猜测:
1. f 在闭合区间[a,b] 连续
2. f 在(a,b)区间里,导数存在
3. fa=fb
有个C在(a,b)里,f’c =0

三种不同的情况:
1. fx=k, 一个常数,那么,f’x为0,c可以是(a,b)里面的任何数字
2. fx>fa 在(a,b)中的一些X.
3. fx

4.8 Newton’s Method

X(n+1)=Xn-f(xn)/f’(xn)
已知一点求另外一点

已知一点的X的值,和FX 和F’X,可求另外X2的值

例题:
告诉你X1的值,和函数,求X2,X3
求X3, 先要通过公式得到X2

6sqrt2 推测
先要转化为函数方程,X^6-2=0, 再一个个求

4.9 Antiderivatives

一个函数的导数等于函数,在所有定义域,那么这个函数F叫做反导数

FX+C

3.10-4.9
1,巩固概念
2,熟悉题型
3,复习题

#include "stm32f10x.h" // Device header #include "Delay.h" #include "Key.h" #include "Led.h" #include "serial.h" #include "OLED.h" #include "Time.h" #include "Stack.h" static unsigned char Clear_Index=0; //清零检索 static unsigned char Count_Index=0; //计算检索 static uint32_t Index=0; static unsigned char Firmula[100]; //存储算数式子 static unsigned int Result; //存储结果 void USART1_IRQHandler(void); unsigned char a=19; int main(void) { Key_Init(); OLED_Init(); Serial_Init(); while(1) { if(Key_GetNum1()) //计算算数式 { Result=Deposit(Firmula); Count_Index=1; } if(Count_Index) //发送结果 { if(Key_GetNum2()) { printf("结果=%d",Result); OLED_ShowNum(1,1,Result,4); Index=0; Clear_Index=1; Count_Index=0; } } if(Clear_Index) //清零 { if(Key_GetNum3()) { Clear_Index=0; Init(); } } else if(!Clear_Index) { if(Key_GetNum3()) { printf("请输入运算式"); } } } } void USART1_IRQHandler(void) //串口中断函数 { Firmula[Index]=Serial_Getbyte(); printf("%c",Firmula[Index]); Index++; }#include "stm32f10x.h"// Device header #include "Stack.h" #include<ctype.h> #include "Serial.h" Stack_char Stack_CHAR; Stack_num Stack_NUM; uint8_t Push_char(Stack_char *stack,uint8_t CH); uint8_t Pop_char(Stack_char *stack,uint8_t *c); uint8_t Push_num(Stack_num *stack,unsigned int NUM); uint8_t Pop_num(Stack_num *stack,unsigned int *n); void Eval(void); uint16_t Priority(uint8_t ch); void Init(void) { Stack_NUM.top=0; Stack_CHAR.top=0; } uint16_t Priority(uint8_t ch) { switch(ch) { case '(' : case ')' : return 3; case '*' : case '/' : return 2; case '+' : case '-' : return 1; default : return 0; //分化优先级 } } uint32_t Deposit(uint8_t *String) { unsigned int i,j,index=0; uint8_t C; Init(); for(i = 0;String[i]!='\0'&&i < Stack_Size ;i++) { if(isdigit(String[i])) //判断是否 '0'<=string<='9' { index=0; j=i; for(;isdigit(String[j])&&j< Stack_Size;j++) { index=index*10+(String[j]-'0'); } Push_num(&Stack_NUM,index); i=j-1; //因为for循环多加了1,所以减去1 } else if(String[i]=='(') { Push_char(&Stack_CHAR,String[i]); } else if(String[i]==')') { while(Stack_CHAR.ch[Stack_CHAR.top] != '(') {Eval();} //直到遇到左括号,并且计算 if(Stack_CHAR.top != 0 && Stack_CHAR.ch[Stack_CHAR.top] == '(') { Pop_char(&Stack_CHAR,&C); //弹出左括号 } } else { while(Stack_CHAR.top!=0&&Stack_CHAR.ch[Stack_CHAR.top]!='('&&Priority(Stack_CHAR.ch[Stack_CHAR.top])>=Priority(String[i])) { Eval(); } Push_char(&Stack_CHAR,String[i]); } } while(Stack_CHAR.top) { Eval(); } //循环直至操作符为空 return Stack_NUM.num[Stack_NUM.top]; //此时数栈顶元素即为表达式值 } void Eval(void) { uint32_t a,x,b; uint8_t cha; Pop_num(&Stack_NUM,&b); Pop_num(&Stack_NUM,&a); //由于栈是陷进后出,与队列有区别(先进出) Pop_char(&Stack_CHAR,&cha); switch(cha) { case '*' : x=a*b;break; //计算 case '/' : { if(b==0) {printf("除数不能为0");x=0;} else {x=a/b;} break; } case '+' : {x=a+b;break;} case '-' : {x=a-b;break;} default :break; } Push_num(&Stack_NUM,x); } uint8_t Push_char(Stack_char *stack,uint8_t CH) { if(stack->top>=Stack_Size) { return 0; } stack->top++; stack->ch[stack->top]=CH; return 1; } uint8_t Push_num(Stack_num *stack,unsigned int NUM) { if(stack->top>=Stack_Size) { return 0; } stack->top++; stack->num[stack->top]=NUM; return 1; } uint8_t Pop_char(Stack_char *stack,uint8_t *c) { if(stack->top<=0) { return 0; } *c=stack->ch[stack->top]; stack->top--; return 1; } uint8_t Pop_num(Stack_num *stack,unsigned int *n) { if(stack->top<=0) { return 0; } *n=stack->num[stack->top]; stack->top--; return 1; } /* Copyright (C) ARM Ltd., 1999,2014 */ /* All rights reserved */ /* * RCS $Revision$ * Checkin $Date$ * Revising $Author: agrant $ */ #ifndef __stdint_h #define __stdint_h #define __ARMCLIB_VERSION 5060034 #ifdef __INT64_TYPE__ /* armclang predefines '__INT64_TYPE__' and '__INT64_C_SUFFIX__' */ #define __INT64 __INT64_TYPE__ #else /* armcc has builtin '__int64' which can be used in --strict mode */ #define __INT64 __int64 #define __INT64_C_SUFFIX__ ll #endif #define __PASTE2(x, y) x ## y #define __PASTE(x, y) __PASTE2(x, y) #define __INT64_C(x) __ESCAPE__(__PASTE(x, __INT64_C_SUFFIX__)) #define __UINT64_C(x) __ESCAPE__(__PASTE(x ## u, __INT64_C_SUFFIX__)) #if defined(__clang__) || (defined(__ARMCC_VERSION) && !defined(__STRICT_ANSI__)) /* armclang and non-strict armcc allow 'long long' in system headers */ #define __LONGLONG long long #else /* strict armcc has '__int64' */ #define __LONGLONG __int64 #endif #ifndef __STDINT_DECLS #define __STDINT_DECLS #undef __CLIBNS #ifdef __cplusplus namespace std { #define __CLIBNS std:: extern "C" { #else #define __CLIBNS #endif /* __cplusplus */ /* * 'signed' is redundant below, except for 'signed char' and if * the typedef is used to declare a bitfield. */ /* 7.18.1.1 */ /* exact-width signed integer types */ typedef signed char int8_t; typedef signed short int int16_t; typedef signed int int32_t; typedef signed __INT64 int64_t; /* exact-width unsigned integer types */ typedef unsigned char uint8_t; typedef unsigned short int uint16_t; typedef unsigned int uint32_t; typedef unsigned __INT64 uint64_t; /* 7.18.1.2 */ /* smallest type of at least n bits */ /* minimum-width signed integer types */ typedef signed char int_least8_t; typedef signed short int int_least16_t; typedef signed int int_least32_t; typedef signed __INT64 int_least64_t; /* minimum-width unsigned integer types */ typedef unsigned char uint_least8_t; typedef unsigned short int uint_least16_t; typedef unsigned int uint_least32_t; typedef unsigned __INT64 uint_least64_t; /* 7.18.1.3 */ /* fastest minimum-width signed integer types */ typedef signed int int_fast8_t; typedef signed int int_fast16_t; typedef signed int int_fast32_t; typedef signed __INT64 int_fast64_t; /* fastest minimum-width unsigned integer types */ typedef unsigned int uint_fast8_t; typedef unsigned int uint_fast16_t; typedef unsigned int uint_fast32_t; typedef unsigned __INT64 uint_fast64_t; /* 7.18.1.4 integer types capable of holding object pointers */ #if __sizeof_ptr == 8 typedef signed __INT64 intptr_t; typedef unsigned __INT64 uintptr_t; #else typedef signed int intptr_t; typedef unsigned int uintptr_t; #endif /* 7.18.1.5 greatest-width integer types */ typedef signed __LONGLONG intmax_t; typedef unsigned __LONGLONG uintmax_t; #if !defined(__cplusplus) || defined(__STDC_LIMIT_MACROS) /* 7.18.2.1 */ /* minimum values of exact-width signed integer types */ #define INT8_MIN -128 #define INT16_MIN -32768 #define INT32_MIN (~0x7fffffff) /* -2147483648 is unsigned */ #define INT64_MIN __INT64_C(~0x7fffffffffffffff) /* -9223372036854775808 is unsigned */ /* maximum values of exact-width signed integer types */ #define INT8_MAX 127 #define INT16_MAX 32767 #define INT32_MAX 2147483647 #define INT64_MAX __INT64_C(9223372036854775807) /* maximum values of exact-width unsigned integer types */ #define UINT8_MAX 255 #define UINT16_MAX 65535 #define UINT32_MAX 4294967295u #define UINT64_MAX __UINT64_C(18446744073709551615) /* 7.18.2.2 */ /* minimum values of minimum-width signed integer types */ #define INT_LEAST8_MIN -128 #define INT_LEAST16_MIN -32768 #define INT_LEAST32_MIN (~0x7fffffff) #define INT_LEAST64_MIN __INT64_C(~0x7fffffffffffffff) /* maximum values of minimum-width signed integer types */ #define INT_LEAST8_MAX 127 #define INT_LEAST16_MAX 32767 #define INT_LEAST32_MAX 2147483647 #define INT_LEAST64_MAX __INT64_C(9223372036854775807) /* maximum values of minimum-width unsigned integer types */ #define UINT_LEAST8_MAX 255 #define UINT_LEAST16_MAX 65535 #define UINT_LEAST32_MAX 4294967295u #define UINT_LEAST64_MAX __UINT64_C(18446744073709551615) /* 7.18.2.3 */ /* minimum values of fastest minimum-width signed integer types */ #define INT_FAST8_MIN (~0x7fffffff) #define INT_FAST16_MIN (~0x7fffffff) #define INT_FAST32_MIN (~0x7fffffff) #define INT_FAST64_MIN __INT64_C(~0x7fffffffffffffff) /* maximum values of fastest minimum-width signed integer types */ #define INT_FAST8_MAX 2147483647 #define INT_FAST16_MAX 2147483647 #define INT_FAST32_MAX 2147483647 #define INT_FAST64_MAX __INT64_C(9223372036854775807) /* maximum values of fastest minimum-width unsigned integer types */ #define UINT_FAST8_MAX 4294967295u #define UINT_FAST16_MAX 4294967295u #define UINT_FAST32_MAX 4294967295u #define UINT_FAST64_MAX __UINT64_C(18446744073709551615) /* 7.18.2.4 */ /* minimum value of pointer-holding signed integer type */ #if __sizeof_ptr == 8 #define INTPTR_MIN INT64_MIN #else #define INTPTR_MIN INT32_MIN #endif /* maximum value of pointer-holding signed integer type */ #if __sizeof_ptr == 8 #define INTPTR_MAX INT64_MAX #else #define INTPTR_MAX INT32_MAX #endif /* maximum value of pointer-holding unsigned integer type */ #if __sizeof_ptr == 8 #define UINTPTR_MAX UINT64_MAX #else #define UINTPTR_MAX UINT32_MAX #endif /* 7.18.2.5 */ /* minimum value of greatest-width signed integer type */ #define INTMAX_MIN __ESCAPE__(~0x7fffffffffffffffll) /* maximum value of greatest-width signed integer type */ #define INTMAX_MAX __ESCAPE__(9223372036854775807ll) /* maximum value of greatest-width unsigned integer type */ #define UINTMAX_MAX __ESCAPE__(18446744073709551615ull) /* 7.18.3 */ /* limits of ptrdiff_t */ #if __sizeof_ptr == 8 #define PTRDIFF_MIN INT64_MIN #define PTRDIFF_MAX INT64_MAX #else #define PTRDIFF_MIN INT32_MIN #define PTRDIFF_MAX INT32_MAX #endif /* limits of sig_atomic_t */ #define SIG_ATOMIC_MIN (~0x7fffffff) #define SIG_ATOMIC_MAX 2147483647 /* limit of size_t */ #if __sizeof_ptr == 8 #define SIZE_MAX UINT64_MAX #else #define SIZE_MAX UINT32_MAX #endif /* limits of wchar_t */ /* NB we have to undef and redef because they're defined in both * stdint.h and wchar.h */ #undef WCHAR_MIN #undef WCHAR_MAX #if defined(__WCHAR32) || (defined(__ARM_SIZEOF_WCHAR_T) && __ARM_SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 4) #define WCHAR_MIN 0 #define WCHAR_MAX 0xffffffffU #else #define WCHAR_MIN 0 #define WCHAR_MAX 65535 #endif /* limits of wint_t */ #define WINT_MIN (~0x7fffffff) #define WINT_MAX 2147483647 #endif /* __STDC_LIMIT_MACROS */ #if !defined(__cplusplus) || defined(__STDC_CONSTANT_MACROS) /* 7.18.4.1 macros for minimum-width integer constants */ #define INT8_C(x) (x) #define INT16_C(x) (x) #define INT32_C(x) (x) #define INT64_C(x) __INT64_C(x) #define UINT8_C(x) (x ## u) #define UINT16_C(x) (x ## u) #define UINT32_C(x) (x ## u) #define UINT64_C(x) __UINT64_C(x) /* 7.18.4.2 macros for greatest-width integer constants */ #define INTMAX_C(x) __ESCAPE__(x ## ll) #define UINTMAX_C(x) __ESCAPE__(x ## ull) #endif /* __STDC_CONSTANT_MACROS */ #ifdef __cplusplus } /* extern "C" */ } /* namespace std */ #endif /* __cplusplus */ #endif /* __STDINT_DECLS */ #ifdef __cplusplus #ifndef __STDINT_NO_EXPORTS using ::std::int8_t; using ::std::int16_t; using ::std::int32_t; using ::std::int64_t; using ::std::uint8_t; using ::std::uint16_t; using ::std::uint32_t; using ::std::uint64_t; using ::std::int_least8_t; using ::std::int_least16_t; using ::std::int_least32_t; using ::std::int_least64_t; using ::std::uint_least8_t; using ::std::uint_least16_t; using ::std::uint_least32_t; using ::std::uint_least64_t; using ::std::int_fast8_t; using ::std::int_fast16_t; using ::std::int_fast32_t; using ::std::int_fast64_t; using ::std::uint_fast8_t; using ::std::uint_fast16_t; using ::std::uint_fast32_t; using ::std::uint_fast64_t; using ::std::intptr_t; using ::std::uintptr_t; using ::std::intmax_t; using ::std::uintmax_t; #endif #endif /* __cplusplus */ #undef __INT64 #undef __LONGLONG #endif /* __stdint_h */ /* end of stdint.h */ 在不改变原代码变量名情况下,实现小数点预算
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07-16
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