android中的网络操作和java里面没有什么区别,java里面的很多网络操作方法都可以搬到android中去使用,主要几个点:
1、post和get请求的区别,大家可以在网上查阅有关资料进行了解,get主要以向地址中拼接字符串参数发送到服务器,长度有限制,并且请求参数暴露在地址栏中,不怎么安全;post则主要是将请求参数转换为相应的http协议请求体发送到服务器,相比get方式,参数的长度没有限制,并且参数信息不会暴露给用户;
2、我们在java web里面通过浏览器以post方式发送数据,浏览器帮我们转换为相应的http协议,也就是说浏览器内部帮我们设置为相应的http请求体,然后发送到服务器,用户通过浏览器向服务器发送数据-->浏览器转换为http协议-->发送到服务器,如果我们用android做客户端用java代码编写post请求,需要设置其请求体,而get方式请求则只需要拼接相应的参数地址,用户通过android客户端向服务器发送数据-->编码设置为相应的http协议-->发送到服务器;
3、android里面包含了apache的httpclient,相当与web里面的浏览器,我们还可以利用其api进行相应的请求操作,相比与纯java代码,它里面封装了很多东西,我们只需要根据业务需求选择相应的api即可;如果我们在swing中使用apache的httpclient,则需要导入其相应的jar包
post请求:
java web:用户通过浏览器向服务器发送数据-->浏览器转换为http协议-->发送到服务器
java代码:用户通过android客户端向服务器发送数据-->编码设置为相应的http协议-->发送到服务器
httpclient:用户通过android客户端向服务器发送数据(httpclient帮我们转换为相应的http协议)-->发送到服务器
代码实现功能:里面都有相应的注释,我在我的工程里面建立了一个专门处理Http上传、下载的类:HttpUtil
1、从服务器获取二进制数据,图片、视频等:
/**
* 从服务器上获取二进制数据,例如图片、视频等
* @param serverUrl: 服务器地址
* @param newFileName:获取到本地后新文件的地址+名称 例如:C://test.png
*/
public static void getByteFromServer(String serverUrl,String newFileName)throws Exception{
URL url = new URL(serverUrl);
HttpURLConnection conn = (HttpURLConnection)url.openConnection();
conn.setRequestMethod("GET");//通过Get方式请求
conn.setConnectTimeout(5 * 1000);//设置连接延迟,因为android系统内存有限,不能长时间去与服务器建立连接
InputStream inStream = conn.getInputStream();//通过输入流获取图片数据
byte[] data = readInputStream(inStream);//得到图片的二进制数据
File imageFile = new File(newFileName);
FileOutputStream outStream = new FileOutputStream(imageFile);
outStream.write(data);
outStream.close();
}
/**
* 将输入流转换为字节数据
* @param inStream
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static byte[] readInputStream(InputStream inStream) throws Exception{
ByteArrayOutputStream outStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len = 0;
while( (len=inStream.read(buffer)) != -1 ){
outStream.write(buffer, 0, len);
}
inStream.close();
return outStream.toByteArray();
}
2、从服务器获取文本信息,例如文本、html、xml、json等数据信息
/**
* 从服务器上获取文本信息,例如html、xml等信息
* @param serverUrl
* @return 文本字符串
*/
public static String getTxtFromServer(String serverUrl)throws Exception{
URL url = new URL(serverUrl);
HttpURLConnection conn = (HttpURLConnection)url.openConnection();
conn.setRequestMethod("GET");
conn.setConnectTimeout(5 * 1000);
InputStream inStream = conn.getInputStream();//通过输入流获取txt数据
byte[] data = readInputStream(inStream);//得到txt的二进制数据
String txt = new String(data);
return txt;
}
3、以get方式向服务器发送数据信息
/**Get请求方式即是通过将参数放到地址中发送到服务器
* 向服务器发送Get请求
* @param path:服务器请求地址
* @param params:请求参数
* @param enc:编码
* @return true:请求成功 false:请求失败
* @throws Exception
*/
public static boolean sendGetRequest(String path, Map<String, String> params, String enc) throws Exception{
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(path);
//?username=jack&password=123456&age=23
if(params!=null && !params.isEmpty()){
sb.append('?');
for(Map.Entry<String, String> entry : params.entrySet()){
sb.append(entry.getKey()).append('=')
.append(URLEncoder.encode(entry.getValue(), enc)).append('&');
}
sb.deleteCharAt(sb.length()-1);
}
URL url = new URL(sb.toString());
HttpURLConnection conn = (HttpURLConnection)url.openConnection();
conn.setRequestMethod("GET");
conn.setConnectTimeout(5 * 1000);
if(conn.getResponseCode()==200){
//请求成功,可以调用上面的getByteFromServer方法得到相应的服务器数据
//byte[] b=readInputStream(conn.getInputStream());
return true;
}
return false;
}
4、以post方式向服务器发送数据信息:
/**Post请求在浏览器中是转换了相应的http协议进行
* 而转换后的http协议中包含了例如Content-Type、Content-Length等信息
* 所以通过android客户端发送post请求需要将其设置为相应的http协议发送出去
* 向服务器发送一个post表单请求
* @param path:服务器地址
* @param params:请求参数
* @param enc:编码
* @return true:请求成功 false:请求失败
* @throws Exception
*/
public static boolean sendPostRequest(String path, Map<String, String> params, String enc) throws Exception{
//username=jack&password=123456&age=23
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
if(params!=null && !params.isEmpty()){
for(Map.Entry<String, String> entry : params.entrySet()){
sb.append(entry.getKey()).append('=')
.append(URLEncoder.encode(entry.getValue(), enc)).append('&');
}
sb.deleteCharAt(sb.length()-1);
}
byte[] entitydata = sb.toString().getBytes();//得到实体的二进制数据
URL url = new URL(path);
HttpURLConnection conn = (HttpURLConnection)url.openConnection();
conn.setRequestMethod("POST");
conn.setConnectTimeout(5 * 1000);
conn.setUseCaches(false);//不进行缓存
conn.setDoOutput(true);//如果通过post提交数据,必须设置允许对外输出数据
//设置http请求头,向服务器发送post请求,Content-Type和Content-Length两个参数必须要,其他可省略
//设置发送内容类型,为表单数据
conn.setRequestProperty("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
//设置发送内容长度
conn.setRequestProperty("Content-Length", String.valueOf(entitydata.length));
conn.setRequestProperty("Accept", "image/gif, image/jpeg, image/pjpeg, image/pjpeg, application/x-shockwave-flash, application/xaml+xml, application/vnd.ms-xpsdocument, application/x-ms-xbap, application/x-ms-application, application/vnd.ms-excel, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint, application/msword, */*");
conn.setRequestProperty("Accept-Language", "zh-CN");
conn.setRequestProperty("User-Agent", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 5.2; Trident/4.0; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.0.04506.30; .NET CLR 3.0.4506.2152; .NET CLR 3.5.30729)");
conn.setRequestProperty("Connection", "Keep-Alive");
OutputStream outStream = conn.getOutputStream();
outStream.write(entitydata);
outStream.flush();
outStream.close();
if(conn.getResponseCode()==200){
//请求成功,可以调用上面的getByteFromServer方法得到相应的服务器数据
//byte[] b=readInputStream(conn.getInputStream());
return true;
}
return false;
}
5、以post方式向服务器发送xml数据信息:
/**
* 向服务器发送xml数据
* @param path:服务器地址
* @param xml:xml字符串信息
* @param enc:编码
* @return true:请求成功 false:请求失败
* @throws Exception
*/
public static boolean sendPostXMLRequest(String path, String xml,String enc)throws Exception{
byte[] data = xml.getBytes();
URL url = new URL(path);
HttpURLConnection conn = (HttpURLConnection)url.openConnection();
conn.setRequestMethod("POST");
conn.setConnectTimeout(5 * 1000);
conn.setDoOutput(true);//如果通过post提交数据,必须设置允许对外输出数据
//设置发送内容类型,为xml数据
conn.setRequestProperty("Content-Type", "text/xml; charset="+enc);
//设置发送内容长度
conn.setRequestProperty("Content-Length", String.valueOf(data.length));
OutputStream outStream = conn.getOutputStream();
outStream.write(data);
outStream.flush();
outStream.close();
if(conn.getResponseCode()==200){
//byte[] b=readInputStream(conn.getInputStream());
return true;
}
return false;
}
6、通过HttpClient以get方式向服务器发送数据:
/**
* 通过httpClient发送get请求
* @param path:服务器地址
* @param params:参数名称
* @param enc:编码
* @return true:请求成功 false:请求失败
* @throws Exception
*/
public static boolean sendGetRequestFromHttpClient(String path, Map<String, String> params,String enc)
throws Exception{
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(path);
//?username=jack&password=123456&age=23
if(params!=null && !params.isEmpty()){
sb.append('?');
for(Map.Entry<String, String> entry : params.entrySet()){
sb.append(entry.getKey()).append('=')
.append(URLEncoder.encode(entry.getValue(), enc)).append('&');
}
sb.deleteCharAt(sb.length()-1);
}
//相当与浏览器
HttpClient httpClient=new DefaultHttpClient();
//得到一个HttpGet对象
HttpGet get=new HttpGet(sb.toString());
//发送一个Get请求
HttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(get);
if(response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode()==200){
//String str=EntityUtils.toString(response.getEntity());即可得到服务器数据信息
//InputStream inStream=httpEntity.getContent();即可得到服务器输入流
return true;
}
return false;
}
7、通过HttpClient以post方式向服务器发送请求:
/**
* 通过httpClient发送Post请求
* @param path:服务器地址
* @param params:参数名称
* @param enc:编码
* @return true:请求成功 false:请求失败
* @throws Exception
*/
public static boolean sendPostRequestFromHttpClient(String path, Map<String, String> params,String enc)
throws Exception{
List<NameValuePair> paramPairs = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>();
if(params!=null && !params.isEmpty()){
for(Map.Entry<String, String> entry : params.entrySet()){
paramPairs.add(new BasicNameValuePair(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue()));
}
}
UrlEncodedFormEntity entitydata = new UrlEncodedFormEntity(paramPairs, enc);//得到经过编码过后的实体数据
HttpPost post = new HttpPost(path); //form
post.setEntity(entitydata);
DefaultHttpClient client = new DefaultHttpClient(); //浏览器
HttpResponse response = client.execute(post);//执行请求
if(response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode()==200){
//String str=EntityUtils.toString(response.getEntity());即可得到服务器数据信息
//InputStream inStream=httpEntity.getContent();即可得到服务器输入流
return true;
}
return false;
}
8、通过post发送上传文件信息到服务器,相当与web表单提交,表单中包含上传文件,其实根据浏览器在上传表单的时候它底层转换为相应的http协议,我们也可以模仿其编写相应的请求体然后提交给服务器即可,了解其原理了就很容易去理解了;
建立表单实体文件:
public class FormFile {
/* 上传文件的数据 */
private byte[] data;
private InputStream inStream;
private File file;
/* 文件名称 */
private String filname;
/* 请求参数名称*/
private String parameterName;
/* 内容类型 */
private String contentType = "application/octet-stream";
public FormFile(String filname, byte[] data, String parameterName, String contentType) {
this.data = data;
this.filname = filname;
this.parameterName = parameterName;
if(contentType!=null) this.contentType = contentType;
}
public FormFile(String filname, File file, String parameterName, String contentType) {
this.filname = filname;
this.parameterName = parameterName;
this.file = file;
try {
this.inStream = new FileInputStream(file);
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
if(contentType!=null) this.contentType = contentType;
}
public File getFile() {
return file;
}
public InputStream getInStream() {
return inStream;
}
public byte[] getData() {
return data;
}
public String getFilname() {
return filname;
}
public void setFilname(String filname) {
this.filname = filname;
}
public String getParameterName() {
return parameterName;
}
public void setParameterName(String parameterName) {
this.parameterName = parameterName;
}
public String getContentType() {
return contentType;
}
public void setContentType(String contentType) {
this.contentType = contentType;
}
}
发送包含File请求:
/**
* 向服务器提交的信息包含上传文件信息
* 直接通过HTTP协议提交数据到服务器,实现如下面表单提交功能:
* <FORM METHOD=POST ACTION="http://192.168.0.200:8080/ssi/fileload/test.do" enctype="multipart/form-data">
<INPUT TYPE="text" NAME="name">
<INPUT TYPE="text" NAME="id">
<input type="file" name="imagefile"/>
<input type="file" name="zip"/>
</FORM>
* @param path 上传路径(注:避免使用localhost或127.0.0.1这样的路径测试,因为它会指向手机模拟器,你可以使用http://www.itcast.cn或http://192.168.1.10:8080这样的路径测试)
* @param params 请求参数 key为参数名,value为参数值
* @param file 上传文件
*/
public static boolean sendPostRequest(String path, Map<String, String> params, FormFile[] files) throws Exception{
final String BOUNDARY = "---------------------------7da2137580612"; //数据分隔线
final String endline = "--" + BOUNDARY + "--\r\n";//数据结束标志
int fileDataLength = 0;
for(FormFile uploadFile : files){//得到文件类型数据的总长度
StringBuilder fileExplain = new StringBuilder();
fileExplain.append("--");
fileExplain.append(BOUNDARY);
fileExplain.append("\r\n");
fileExplain.append("Content-Disposition: form-data;name=\""+ uploadFile.getParameterName()+"\";filename=\""+ uploadFile.getFilname() + "\"\r\n");
fileExplain.append("Content-Type: "+ uploadFile.getContentType()+"\r\n\r\n");
fileExplain.append("\r\n");
fileDataLength += fileExplain.length();
if(uploadFile.getInStream()!=null){
fileDataLength += uploadFile.getFile().length();
}else{
fileDataLength += uploadFile.getData().length;
}
}
StringBuilder textEntity = new StringBuilder();
for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : params.entrySet()) {//构造文本类型参数的实体数据
textEntity.append("--");
textEntity.append(BOUNDARY);
textEntity.append("\r\n");
textEntity.append("Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\""+ entry.getKey() + "\"\r\n\r\n");
textEntity.append(entry.getValue());
textEntity.append("\r\n");
}
//计算传输给服务器的实体数据总长度
int dataLength = textEntity.toString().getBytes().length + fileDataLength + endline.getBytes().length;
URL url = new URL(path);
int port = url.getPort()==-1 ? 80 : url.getPort();
Socket socket = new Socket(InetAddress.getByName(url.getHost()), port);
OutputStream outStream = socket.getOutputStream();
//下面完成HTTP请求头的发送
String requestmethod = "POST "+ url.getPath()+" HTTP/1.1\r\n";
outStream.write(requestmethod.getBytes());
String accept = "Accept: image/gif, image/jpeg, image/pjpeg, image/pjpeg, application/x-shockwave-flash, application/xaml+xml, application/vnd.ms-xpsdocument, application/x-ms-xbap, application/x-ms-application, application/vnd.ms-excel, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint, application/msword, */*\r\n";
outStream.write(accept.getBytes());
String language = "Accept-Language: zh-CN\r\n";
outStream.write(language.getBytes());
String contenttype = "Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary="+ BOUNDARY+ "\r\n";
outStream.write(contenttype.getBytes());
String contentlength = "Content-Length: "+ dataLength + "\r\n";
outStream.write(contentlength.getBytes());
String alive = "Connection: Keep-Alive\r\n";
outStream.write(alive.getBytes());
String host = "Host: "+ url.getHost() +":"+ port +"\r\n";
outStream.write(host.getBytes());
//写完HTTP请求头后根据HTTP协议再写一个回车换行
outStream.write("\r\n".getBytes());
//把所有文本类型的实体数据发送出来
outStream.write(textEntity.toString().getBytes());
//把所有文件类型的实体数据发送出来
for(FormFile uploadFile : files){
StringBuilder fileEntity = new StringBuilder();
fileEntity.append("--");
fileEntity.append(BOUNDARY);
fileEntity.append("\r\n");
fileEntity.append("Content-Disposition: form-data;name=\""+ uploadFile.getParameterName()+"\";filename=\""+ uploadFile.getFilname() + "\"\r\n");
fileEntity.append("Content-Type: "+ uploadFile.getContentType()+"\r\n\r\n");
outStream.write(fileEntity.toString().getBytes());
if(uploadFile.getInStream()!=null){
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len = 0;
while((len = uploadFile.getInStream().read(buffer, 0, 1024))!=-1){
outStream.write(buffer, 0, len);
}
uploadFile.getInStream().close();
}else{
outStream.write(uploadFile.getData(), 0, uploadFile.getData().length);
}
outStream.write("\r\n".getBytes());
}
//下面发送数据结束标志,表示数据已经结束
outStream.write(endline.getBytes());
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream()));
if(reader.readLine().indexOf("200")==-1){//读取web服务器返回的数据,判断请求码是否为200,如果不是200,代表请求失败
return false;
}
outStream.flush();
outStream.close();
reader.close();
socket.close();
return true;
}
9、采用异步框架async-http中的AsyncHttpClient执行post、get操作,需要下载相应的jar包,下载地址:https://github.com/loopj/android-async-http,它是对HttpClient的一个封装,这么我们不必考虑是否在主线程更新UI问题了,也不用写很多的代码就可以简单的实现客户端向服务器提交数据、文件等信息
发送一个get请求:
AsyncHttpClient client = new AsyncHttpClient();
client.get("http://www.google.com", new AsyncHttpResponseHandler() {
@Override
public void onStart() {
// called before request is started
}
@Override
public void onSuccess(int statusCode, Header[] headers, byte[] response) {
// called when response HTTP status is "200 OK"
}
@Override
public void onFailure(int statusCode, Header[] headers, byte[] errorResponse, Throwable e) {
// called when response HTTP status is "4XX" (eg. 401, 403, 404)
}
@Override
public void onRetry(int retryNo) {
// called when request is retried
}
});
发送get、post请求:
import com.loopj.android.http.*;
public class TwitterRestClient {
private static final String BASE_URL = "http://api.twitter.com/1/";
private static AsyncHttpClient client = new AsyncHttpClient();
public static void get(String url, RequestParams params, AsyncHttpResponseHandler responseHandler) {
client.get(getAbsoluteUrl(url), params, responseHandler);
}
public static void post(String url, RequestParams params, AsyncHttpResponseHandler responseHandler) {
client.post(getAbsoluteUrl(url), params, responseHandler);
}
private static String getAbsoluteUrl(String relativeUrl) {
return BASE_URL + relativeUrl;
}
}
向服务器发送json数据:
public void getPublicTimeline() throws JSONException {
TwitterRestClient.get("statuses/public_timeline.json", null, new JsonHttpResponseHandler() {
@Override
public void onSuccess(int statusCode, Header[] headers, JSONObject response) {
// If the response is JSONObject instead of expected JSONArray
}
@Override
public void onSuccess(int statusCode, Header[] headers, JSONArray timeline) {
// Pull out the first event on the public timeline
JSONObject firstEvent = timeline.get(0);
String tweetText = firstEvent.getString("text");
// Do something with the response
System.out.println(tweetText);
}
});
}
简单参数携带:
RequestParams params = new RequestParams();
params.put("key", "value");
params.put("more", "data");
文件流参数携带:
InputStream myInputStream = blah;
RequestParams params = new RequestParams();
params.put("secret_passwords", myInputStream, "passwords.txt");
文件参数携带:
File myFile = new File("/path/to/file.png");
RequestParams params = new RequestParams();
try {
params.put("profile_picture", myFile);
} catch(FileNotFoundException e) {}
字节数据参数携带:
byte[] myByteArray = blah;
RequestParams params = new RequestParams();
params.put("soundtrack", new ByteArrayInputStream(myByteArray), "she-wolf.mp3");
从服务器下载二进制数据:
AsyncHttpClient client = new AsyncHttpClient();
client.get("http://example.com/file.png", new FileAsyncHttpResponseHandler(/* Context */ this) {
@Override
public void onSuccess(int statusCode, Header[] headers, File response) {
// Do something with the file `response`
}
});
这个框架里面还有很多实用方法供我们使用,大家可以下载下来自己进行学习,建议使用这个框架对android中的网络进行操作,方便简洁!
大家可以将代码复制下来看看,掌握好了以后就直接可以拿来用咯!