SSO

单点登录(Single Sign On),简称为 SSO,是目前比较流行的企业业务整合的解决方案之一。SSO的定义是在多个应用系统中,用户只需要登录一次就可以访问所有相互信任的应用系统。

    企业应用集成(EAI)。企业应用集成可以在不同层面上进行:例如在数据存储层面上的“数据大集中”,在传输层面上的“通用数据交换平台”,在应用层面上的“业务流程整合”,和用户界面上的“通用企业门户”等等。事实上,还用一个层面上的集成变得越来越重要,那就是“身份认证”的整合,也就是“单点登录”。

    单点登录的技术实现机制:当用户第一次访问应用系统1的时候,因为还没有登录,会被引导到认证系统中进行登录;根据用户提供的登录信息,认证系统进行身份效验,如果通过效验,应该返回给用户一个认证的凭据--ticket;用户再访问别的应用的时候,就会将这个ticket带上,作为自己认证的凭据,应用系统接受到请求之后会把ticket送到认证系统进行效验,检查ticket的合法性。如果通过效验,用户就可以在不用再次登录的情况下访问应用系统2和应用系统3了。

可以看出,要实现SSO,需要以下主要的功能:

所有应用系统共享一个身份认证系统;

所有应用系统能够识别和提取ticket信息;

应用系统能够识别已经登录过的用户,能自动判断当前用户是否登录过,从而完成单点登录的功能。

其中统一的身份认证系统最重要,认证系统的主要功能是将用户的登录信息和用户信息库相比较,对用户进行登录认证;认证成功后,认证系统应该生成统一的认证标志(ticket),返还给用户。另外,认证系统还应该对ticket进行效验,判断其有效性。整个系统可以存在两个以上的认证服务器,这些服务器甚至可以是不同的产品。认证服务器之间要通过标准的通讯协议,互相交换认证信息,就能完成更高级别的单点登录。
03-11
### Single Sign-On Overview Single Sign-On (SSO) is a session and user authentication service where one set of login credentials can be used to access multiple applications. This reduces password fatigue from using different passwords for each application, minimizes administrative overhead by simplifying password management, and increases security since users need only remember a single complex password rather than many simpler ones. In SSO systems, when a user logs into one system or website, that identity information propagates through all connected services without requiring additional logins. The process leverages standards like Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML), OpenID Connect, OAuth, among others[^1]. For instance, the claim `http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/givenname` represents how specific attributes about the authenticated individual are shared between trusted parties within an SSO environment[^2]. ### Implementation Considerations Implementing SSO involves several critical components: - **Identity Provider (IdP):** Authenticates users and issues tokens. - **Service Providers (SPs):** Applications consuming these tokens issued by IdPs. - **Federation Protocols:** Standards such as SAML, WS-Federation, etc., facilitate secure communication between IdP and SPs. The architecture must support seamless integration with existing enterprise directories while ensuring robust security measures against unauthorized access attempts. Additionally, implementing multi-factor authentication enhances overall protection beyond just username/password combinations. ### Best Practices To maximize effectiveness and maintain high levels of security in deploying SSO solutions: - Ensure compatibility across diverse platforms including mobile devices. - Regularly update software versions along with patch installations promptly after release dates. - Conduct thorough risk assessments before integrating new third-party apps under the same umbrella. - Educate end-users on phishing threats targeting their primary account details which could compromise entire ecosystems once breached. ```python import requests from xml.etree import ElementTree def validate_saml_response(saml_response): """ Validates a received SAML response from Identity Provider Args: saml_response(str): Base64 encoded SAML Response Returns: bool: True if validation succeeds; False otherwise """ try: root = ElementTree.fromstring(requests.utils.unquote_plus(saml_response)) status_code = root.find('.//{urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:protocol}StatusCode').attrib['Value'] return 'Success' == status_code except Exception as e: print(f"Validation failed due to {e}") return False ```
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