HTTP header 概述

     HTTP（HyperTextTransferProtocol）即超文本传输协议，目前网页传输的的通用协议。HTTP协议采用了请求/响应模型，浏览器或其他客户端发出请求，服务器给与响应。就整个网络资源传输而言，包括message-header和message-body两部分。首先传递message- header，即http header消息 。http header 消息通常被分为4个部分：general  header, request header, response header, entity header。但是这种分法就理解而言，感觉界限不太明确。根据维基百科对http header内容的组织形式，大体分为Request和Response两部分。

Requests部分

Header	解释	示例
Accept	指定客户端能够接收的内容类型	Accept: text/plain, text/html
Accept-Charset	浏览器可以接受的字符编码集。	Accept-Charset: iso-8859-5
Accept-Encoding	指定浏览器可以支持的web服务器返回内容压缩编码类型。	Accept-Encoding: compress, gzip
Accept-Language	浏览器可接受的语言	Accept-Language: en,zh
Accept-Ranges	可以请求网页实体的一个或者多个子范围字段	Accept-Ranges: bytes
Authorization	HTTP授权的授权证书	Authorization: Basic QWxhZGRpbjpvcGVuIHNlc2FtZQ==
Cache-Control	指定请求和响应遵循的缓存机制	Cache-Control: no-cache
Connection	表示是否需要持久连接。（HTTP 1.1默认进行持久连接）	Connection: close
Cookie	HTTP请求发送时，会把保存在该请求域名下的所有cookie值一起发送给web服务器。	Cookie: $Version=1; Skin=new;
Content-Length	请求的内容长度	Content-Length: 348
Content-Type	请求的与实体对应的MIME信息	Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Date	请求发送的日期和时间	Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2010 08:12:31 GMT
Expect	请求的特定的服务器行为	Expect: 100-continue
From	发出请求的用户的Email	From: user@email.com
Host	指定请求的服务器的域名和端口号	Host: www.zcmhi.com
If-Match	只有请求内容与实体相匹配才有效	If-Match: “737060cd8c284d8af7ad3082f209582d”
If-Modified-Since	如果请求的部分在指定时间之后被修改则请求成功，未被修改则返回304代码	If-Modified-Since: Sat, 29 Oct 2010 19:43:31 GMT
If-None-Match	如果内容未改变返回304代码，参数为服务器先前发送的Etag，与服务器回应的Etag比较判断是否改变	If-None-Match: “737060cd8c284d8af7ad3082f209582d”
If-Range	如果实体未改变，服务器发送客户端丢失的部分，否则发送整个实体。参数也为Etag	If-Range: “737060cd8c284d8af7ad3082f209582d”
If-Unmodified-Since	只在实体在指定时间之后未被修改才请求成功	If-Unmodified-Since: Sat, 29 Oct 2010 19:43:31 GMT
Max-Forwards	限制信息通过代理和网关传送的时间	Max-Forwards: 10
Pragma	用来包含实现特定的指令	Pragma: no-cache
Proxy-Authorization	连接到代理的授权证书	Proxy-Authorization: Basic QWxhZGRpbjpvcGVuIHNlc2FtZQ==
Range	只请求实体的一部分，指定范围	Range: bytes=500-999
Referer	先前网页的地址，当前请求网页紧随其后,即来路	Referer: http://www.zcmhi.com/archives/71.html
TE	客户端愿意接受的传输编码，并通知服务器接受接受尾加头信息	TE: trailers,deflate;q=0.5
Upgrade	向服务器指定某种传输协议以便服务器进行转换（如果支持）	Upgrade: HTTP/2.0, SHTTP/1.3, IRC/6.9, RTA/x11
User-Agent	User-Agent的内容包含发出请求的用户信息	User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; X11)
Via	通知中间网关或代理服务器地址，通信协议	Via: 1.0 fred, 1.1 nowhere.com (Apache/1.1)
Warning	关于消息实体的警告信息	Warn: 199 Miscellaneous warning

Responses 部分 

Header	解释	示例
Accept-Ranges	表明服务器是否支持指定范围请求及哪种类型的分段请求	Accept-Ranges: bytes
Age	从原始服务器到代理缓存形成的估算时间（以秒计，非负）	Age: 12
Allow	对某网络资源的有效的请求行为，不允许则返回405	Allow: GET, HEAD
Cache-Control	告诉所有的缓存机制是否可以缓存及哪种类型	Cache-Control: no-cache
Content-Encoding	web服务器支持的返回内容压缩编码类型。	Content-Encoding: gzip
Content-Language	响应体的语言	Content-Language: en,zh
Content-Length	响应体的长度	Content-Length: 348
Content-Location	请求资源可替代的备用的另一地址	Content-Location: /index.htm
Content-MD5	返回资源的MD5校验值	Content-MD5: Q2hlY2sgSW50ZWdyaXR5IQ==
Content-Range	在整个返回体中本部分的字节位置	Content-Range: bytes 21010-47021/47022
Content-Type	返回内容的MIME类型	Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Date	原始服务器消息发出的时间	Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2010 08:12:31 GMT
ETag	请求变量的实体标签的当前值	ETag: “737060cd8c284d8af7ad3082f209582d”
Expires	响应过期的日期和时间	Expires: Thu, 01 Dec 2010 16:00:00 GMT
Last-Modified	请求资源的最后修改时间	Last-Modified: Tue, 15 Nov 2010 12:45:26 GMT
Location	用来重定向接收方到非请求URL的位置来完成请求或标识新的资源	Location: http://www.zcmhi.com/archives/94.html
Pragma	包括实现特定的指令，它可应用到响应链上的任何接收方	Pragma: no-cache
Proxy-Authenticate	它指出认证方案和可应用到代理的该URL上的参数	Proxy-Authenticate: Basic
refresh	应用于重定向或一个新的资源被创造，在5秒之后重定向（由网景提出，被大部分浏览器支持）	Refresh: 5; url= http://www.zcmhi.com/archives/94.html
Retry-After	如果实体暂时不可取，通知客户端在指定时间之后再次尝试	Retry-After: 120
Server	web服务器软件名称	Server: Apache/1.3.27 (Unix) (Red-Hat/Linux)
Set-Cookie	设置Http Cookie	Set-Cookie: UserID=JohnDoe; Max-Age=3600; Version=1
Trailer	指出头域在分块传输编码的尾部存在	Trailer: Max-Forwards
Transfer-Encoding	文件传输编码	Transfer-Encoding:chunked
Vary	告诉下游代理是使用缓存响应还是从原始服务器请求	Vary: *
Via	告知代理客户端响应是通过哪里发送的	Via: 1.0 fred, 1.1 nowhere.com (Apache/1.1)
Warning	警告实体可能存在的问题	Warning: 199 Miscellaneous warning
WWW-Authenticate	表明客户端请求实体应该使用的授权方案	WWW-Authenticate: Basic

Content-Type:

文件扩展名	Content-Type(Mime-Type)	文件扩展名	Content-Type(Mime-Type)
.*（ 二进制流，不知道下载文件类型）	application/octet-stream	.tif	image/tiff
.001	application/x-001	.301	application/x-301
.323	text/h323	.906	application/x-906
.907	drawing/907	.a11	application/x-a11
.acp	audio/x-mei-aac	.ai	application/postscript
.aif	audio/aiff	.aifc	audio/aiff
.aiff	audio/aiff	.anv	application/x-anv
.asa	text/asa	.asf	video/x-ms-asf
.asp	text/asp	.asx	video/x-ms-asf
.au	audio/basic	.avi	video/avi
.awf	application/vnd.adobe.workflow	.biz	text/xml
.bmp	application/x-bmp	.bot	application/x-bot
.c4t	application/x-c4t	.c90	application/x-c90
.cal	application/x-cals	.cat	application/vnd.ms-pki.seccat
.cdf	application/x-netcdf	.cdr	application/x-cdr
.cel	application/x-cel	.cer	application/x-x509-ca-cert
.cg4	application/x-g4	.cgm	application/x-cgm
.cit	application/x-cit	.class	java/*
.cml	text/xml	.cmp	application/x-cmp
.cmx	application/x-cmx	.cot	application/x-cot
.crl	application/pkix-crl	.crt	application/x-x509-ca-cert
.csi	application/x-csi	.css	text/css
.cut	application/x-cut	.dbf	application/x-dbf
.dbm	application/x-dbm	.dbx	application/x-dbx
.dcd	text/xml	.dcx	application/x-dcx
.der	application/x-x509-ca-cert	.dgn	application/x-dgn
.dib	application/x-dib	.dll	application/x-msdownload
.doc	application/msword	.dot	application/msword
.drw	application/x-drw	.dtd	text/xml
.dwf	Model/vnd.dwf	.dwf	application/x-dwf
.dwg	application/x-dwg	.dxb	application/x-dxb
.dxf	application/x-dxf	.edn	application/vnd.adobe.edn
.emf	application/x-emf	.eml	message/rfc822
.ent	text/xml	.epi	application/x-epi
.eps	application/x-ps	.eps	application/postscript
.etd	application/x-ebx	.exe	application/x-msdownload
.fax	image/fax	.fdf	application/vnd.fdf
.fif	application/fractals	.fo	text/xml
.frm	application/x-frm	.g4	application/x-g4
.gbr	application/x-gbr	.	application/x-
.gif	image/gif	.gl2	application/x-gl2
.gp4	application/x-gp4	.hgl	application/x-hgl
.hmr	application/x-hmr	.hpg	application/x-hpgl
.hpl	application/x-hpl	.hqx	application/mac-binhex40
.hrf	application/x-hrf	.hta	application/hta
.htc	text/x-component	.htm	text/html
.html	text/html	.htt	text/webviewhtml
.htx	text/html	.icb	application/x-icb
.ico	image/x-icon	.ico	application/x-ico
.iff	application/x-iff	.ig4	application/x-g4
.igs	application/x-igs	.iii	application/x-iphone
.img	application/x-img	.ins	application/x-internet-signup
.isp	application/x-internet-signup	.IVF	video/x-ivf
.java	java/*	.jfif	image/jpeg
.jpe	image/jpeg	.jpe	application/x-jpe
.jpeg	image/jpeg	.jpg	image/jpeg
.jpg	application/x-jpg	.js	application/x-javascript
.jsp	text/html	.la1	audio/x-liquid-file
.lar	application/x-laplayer-reg	.latex	application/x-latex
.lavs	audio/x-liquid-secure	.lbm	application/x-lbm
.lmsff	audio/x-la-lms	.ls	application/x-javascript
.ltr	application/x-ltr	.m1v	video/x-mpeg
.m2v	video/x-mpeg	.m3u	audio/mpegurl
.m4e	video/mpeg4	.mac	application/x-mac
.man	application/x-troff-man	.math	text/xml
.mdb	application/msaccess	.mdb	application/x-mdb
.mfp	application/x-shockwave-flash	.mht	message/rfc822
.mhtml	message/rfc822	.mi	application/x-mi
.mid	audio/mid	.midi	audio/mid
.mil	application/x-mil	.mml	text/xml
.mnd	audio/x-musicnet-download	.mns	audio/x-musicnet-stream
.mocha	application/x-javascript	.movie	video/x-sgi-movie
.mp1	audio/mp1	.mp2	audio/mp2
.mp2v	video/mpeg	.mp3	audio/mp3
.mp4	video/mpeg4	.mpa	video/x-mpg
.mpd	application/vnd.ms-project	.mpe	video/x-mpeg
.mpeg	video/mpg	.mpg	video/mpg
.mpga	audio/rn-mpeg	.mpp	application/vnd.ms-project
.mps	video/x-mpeg	.mpt	application/vnd.ms-project
.mpv	video/mpg	.mpv2	video/mpeg
.mpw	application/vnd.ms-project	.mpx	application/vnd.ms-project
.mtx	text/xml	.mxp	application/x-mmxp
.net	image/pnetvue	.nrf	application/x-nrf
.nws	message/rfc822	.odc	text/x-ms-odc
.out	application/x-out	.p10	application/pkcs10
.p12	application/x-pkcs12	.p7b	application/x-pkcs7-certificates
.p7c	application/pkcs7-mime	.p7m	application/pkcs7-mime
.p7r	application/x-pkcs7-certreqresp	.p7s	application/pkcs7-signature
.pc5	application/x-pc5	.pci	application/x-pci
.pcl	application/x-pcl	.pcx	application/x-pcx
.pdf	application/pdf	.pdf	application/pdf
.pdx	application/vnd.adobe.pdx	.pfx	application/x-pkcs12
.pgl	application/x-pgl	.pic	application/x-pic
.pko	application/vnd.ms-pki.pko	.pl	application/x-perl
.plg	text/html	.pls	audio/scpls
.plt	application/x-plt	.png	image/png
.png	application/x-png	.pot	application/vnd.ms-powerpoint
.ppa	application/vnd.ms-powerpoint	.ppm	application/x-ppm
.pps	application/vnd.ms-powerpoint	.ppt	application/vnd.ms-powerpoint
.ppt	application/x-ppt	.pr	application/x-pr
.prf	application/pics-rules	.prn	application/x-prn
.prt	application/x-prt	.ps	application/x-ps
.ps	application/postscript	.ptn	application/x-ptn
.pwz	application/vnd.ms-powerpoint	.r3t	text/vnd.rn-realtext3d
.ra	audio/vnd.rn-realaudio	.ram	audio/x-pn-realaudio
.ras	application/x-ras	.rat	application/rat-file
.rdf	text/xml	.rec	application/vnd.rn-recording
.red	application/x-red	.rgb	application/x-rgb
.rjs	application/vnd.rn-realsystem-rjs	.rjt	application/vnd.rn-realsystem-rjt
.rlc	application/x-rlc	.rle	application/x-rle
.rm	application/vnd.rn-realmedia	.rmf	application/vnd.adobe.rmf
.rmi	audio/mid	.rmj	application/vnd.rn-realsystem-rmj
.rmm	audio/x-pn-realaudio	.rmp	application/vnd.rn-rn_music_package
.rms	application/vnd.rn-realmedia-secure	.rmvb	application/vnd.rn-realmedia-vbr
.rmx	application/vnd.rn-realsystem-rmx	.rnx	application/vnd.rn-realplayer
.rp	image/vnd.rn-realpix	.rpm	audio/x-pn-realaudio-plugin
.rsml	application/vnd.rn-rsml	.rt	text/vnd.rn-realtext
.rtf	application/msword	.rtf	application/x-rtf
.rv	video/vnd.rn-realvideo	.sam	application/x-sam
.sat	application/x-sat	.sdp	application/sdp
.sdw	application/x-sdw	.sit	application/x-stuffit
.slb	application/x-slb	.sld	application/x-sld
.slk	drawing/x-slk	.smi	application/smil
.smil	application/smil	.smk	application/x-smk
.snd	audio/basic	.sol	text/plain
.sor	text/plain	.spc	application/x-pkcs7-certificates
.spl	application/futuresplash	.spp	text/xml
.ssm	application/streamingmedia	.sst	application/vnd.ms-pki.certstore
.stl	application/vnd.ms-pki.stl	.stm	text/html
.sty	application/x-sty	.svg	text/xml
.swf	application/x-shockwave-flash	.tdf	application/x-tdf
.tg4	application/x-tg4	.tga	application/x-tga
.tif	image/tiff	.tif	application/x-tif
.tiff	image/tiff	.tld	text/xml
.top	drawing/x-top	.torrent	application/x-bittorrent
.tsd	text/xml	.txt	text/plain
.uin	application/x-icq	.uls	text/iuls
.vcf	text/x-vcard	.vda	application/x-vda
.vdx	application/vnd.visio	.vml	text/xml
.vpg	application/x-vpeg005	.vsd	application/vnd.visio
.vsd	application/x-vsd	.vss	application/vnd.visio
.vst	application/vnd.visio	.vst	application/x-vst
.vsw	application/vnd.visio	.vsx	application/vnd.visio
.vtx	application/vnd.visio	.vxml	text/xml
.wav	audio/wav	.wax	audio/x-ms-wax
.wb1	application/x-wb1	.wb2	application/x-wb2
.wb3	application/x-wb3	.wbmp	image/vnd.wap.wbmp
.wiz	application/msword	.wk3	application/x-wk3
.wk4	application/x-wk4	.wkq	application/x-wkq
.wks	application/x-wks	.wm	video/x-ms-wm
.wma	audio/x-ms-wma	.wmd	application/x-ms-wmd
.wmf	application/x-wmf	.wml	text/vnd.wap.wml
.wmv	video/x-ms-wmv	.wmx	video/x-ms-wmx
.wmz	application/x-ms-wmz	.wp6	application/x-wp6
.wpd	application/x-wpd	.wpg	application/x-wpg
.wpl	application/vnd.ms-wpl	.wq1	application/x-wq1
.wr1	application/x-wr1	.wri	application/x-wri
.wrk	application/x-wrk	.ws	application/x-ws
.ws2	application/x-ws	.wsc	text/scriptlet
.wsdl	text/xml	.wvx	video/x-ms-wvx
.xdp	application/vnd.adobe.xdp	.xdr	text/xml
.xfd	application/vnd.adobe.xfd	.xfdf	application/vnd.adobe.xfdf
.xhtml	text/html	.xls	application/vnd.ms-excel
.xls	application/x-xls	.xlw	application/x-xlw
.xml	text/xml	.xpl	audio/scpls
.xq	text/xml	.xql	text/xml
.xquery	text/xml	.xsd	text/xml
.xsl	text/xml	.xslt	text/xml
.xwd	application/x-xwd	.x_b	application/x-x_b
.sis	application/vnd.symbian.install	.sisx	application/vnd.symbian.install
.x_t	application/x-x_t	.ipa	application/vnd.iphone
.apk	application/vnd.android.package-archive	.xap	application/x-silverlight-app

更多参见 w3c官网Header Field Definitions