path.py

Copyright © 2010 Mikhail Gusarov

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy

of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal

in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights

to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell

copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is

furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all

copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR

IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,

FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE

AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER

LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,

OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE

SOFTWARE.

“”" path.py - An object representing a path to a file or directory.

Original author:
Jason Orendorff <jason.orendorff\x40gmail\x2ecom>

Contributors:
Mikhail Gusarov dottedmag@dottedmag.net

Example:

from path import path
d = path(’/home/guido/bin’)
for f in d.files(’*.py’):
f.chmod(0755)

This module requires Python 2.3 or later.
“”"

from future import generators

import sys
import warnings
import os
import fnmatch
import glob
import shutil
import codecs
import hashlib
import errno

version = ‘2.2.2.990’
all = [‘path’]

Platform-specific support for path.owner

if os.name == ‘nt’:
try:
import win32security
except ImportError:
win32security = None
else:
try:
import pwd
except ImportError:
pwd = None

Pre-2.3 support. Are unicode filenames supported?

_base = str
_getcwd = os.getcwd
try:
if os.path.supports_unicode_filenames:
_base = unicode
_getcwd = os.getcwdu
except AttributeError:
pass

Pre-2.3 workaround for basestring.

try:
basestring
except NameError:
basestring = (str, unicode)

Universal newline support

_textmode = ‘U’
if hasattr(builtins, ‘file’) and not hasattr(file, ‘newlines’):
_textmode = ‘r’

class TreeWalkWarning(Warning):
pass

class path(_base):

""" Represents a filesystem path.

For documentation on individual methods, consult their
counterparts in os.path.
"""

# --- Special Python methods.

def __repr__(self):
    return 'path(%s)' % _base.__repr__(self)

# Adding a path and a string yields a path.
def __add__(self, more):
    try:
        resultStr = _base.__add__(self, more)
    except TypeError:  # Python bug
        resultStr = NotImplemented
    if resultStr is NotImplemented:
        return resultStr
    return self.__class__(resultStr)

def __radd__(self, other):
    if isinstance(other, basestring):
        return self.__class__(other.__add__(self))
    else:
        return NotImplemented

# The / operator joins paths.
def __div__(self, rel):
    """ fp.__div__(rel) == fp / rel == fp.joinpath(rel)

    Join two path components, adding a separator character if
    needed.
    """
    return self.__class__(os.path.join(self, rel))

# Make the / operator work even when true division is enabled.
__truediv__ = __div__

def getcwd(cls):
    """ Return the current working directory as a path object. """
    return cls(_getcwd())
getcwd = classmethod(getcwd)

# --- Operations on path strings.

isabs = os.path.isabs

def abspath(self):
    return self.__class__(os.path.abspath(self))

def normcase(self):
    return self.__class__(os.path.normcase(self))

def normpath(self):
    return self.__class__(os.path.normpath(self))

def realpath(self):
    return self.__class__(os.path.realpath(self))

def expanduser(self):
    return self.__class__(os.path.expanduser(self))

def expandvars(self):
    return self.__class__(os.path.expandvars(self))

def dirname(self):
    return self.__class__(os.path.dirname(self))
basename = os.path.basename

def expand(self):
    """ Clean up a filename by calling expandvars(),
    expanduser(), and normpath() on it.

    This is commonly everything needed to clean up a filename
    read from a configuration file, for example.
    """
    return self.expandvars().expanduser().normpath()

def _get_namebase(self):
    base, ext = os.path.splitext(self.name)
    return base

def _get_ext(self):
    f, ext = os.path.splitext(_base(self))
    return ext

def _get_drive(self):
    drive, r = os.path.splitdrive(self)
    return self.__class__(drive)

parent = property(
    dirname, None, None,
    """ This path's parent directory, as a new path object.

    For example, path('/usr/local/lib/libpython.so').parent == path('/usr/local/lib')
    """)

name = property(
    basename, None, None,
    """ The name of this file or directory without the full path.

    For example, path('/usr/local/lib/libpython.so').name == 'libpython.so'
    """)

namebase = property(
    _get_namebase, None, None,
    """ The same as path.name, but with one file extension stripped off.

    For example, path('/home/guido/python.tar.gz').name     == 'python.tar.gz',
    but          path('/home/guido/python.tar.gz').namebase == 'python.tar'
    """)

ext = property(
    _get_ext, None, None,
    """ The file extension, for example '.py'. """)

drive = property(
    _get_drive, None, None,
    """ The drive specifier, for example 'C:'.
    This is always empty on systems that don't use drive specifiers.
    """)

def splitpath(self):
    """ p.splitpath() -> Return (p.parent, p.name). """
    parent, child = os.path.split(self)
    return self.__class__(parent), child

def splitdrive(self):
    """ p.splitdrive() -> Return (p.drive, <the rest of p>).

    Split the drive specifier from this path.  If there is
    no drive specifier, p.drive is empty, so the return value
    is simply (path(''), p).  This is always the case on Unix.
    """
    drive, rel = os.path.splitdrive(self)
    return self.__class__(drive), rel

def splitext(self):
    """ p.splitext() -> Return (p.stripext(), p.ext).

    Split the filename extension from this path and return
    the two parts.  Either part may be empty.

    The extension is everything from '.' to the end of the
    last path segment.  This has the property that if
    (a, b) == p.splitext(), then a + b == p.
    """
    filename, ext = os.path.splitext(self)
    return self.__class__(filename), ext

def stripext(self):
    """ p.stripext() -> Remove one file extension from the path.

    For example, path('/home/guido/python.tar.gz').stripext()
    returns path('/home/guido/python.tar').
    """
    return self.splitext()[0]

if hasattr(os.path, 'splitunc'):
    def splitunc(self):
        unc, rest = os.path.splitunc(self)
        return self.__class__(unc), rest

    def _get_uncshare(self):
        unc, r = os.path.splitunc(self)
        return self.__class__(unc)

    uncshare = property(
        _get_uncshare, None, None,
        """ The UNC mount point for this path.
        This is empty for paths on local drives. """)

def joinpath(self, *args):
    """ Join two or more path components, adding a separator
    character (os.sep) if needed.  Returns a new path
    object.
    """
    return self.__class__(os.path.join(self, *args))

def splitall(self):
    """ Return a list of the path components in this path.

    The first item in the list will be a path.  Its value will be
    either os.curdir, os.pardir, empty, or the root directory of
    this path (for example, '/' or 'C:\\').  The other items in
    the list will be strings.

    path.path.joinpath(*result) will yield the original path.
    """
    parts = []
    loc = self
    while loc != os.curdir and loc != os.pardir:
        prev = loc
        loc, child = prev.splitpath()
        if loc == prev:
            break
        parts.append(child)
    parts.append(loc)
    parts.reverse()
    return parts

def relpath(self):
    """ Return this path as a relative path,
    based from the current working directory.
    """
    cwd = self.__class__(os.getcwd())
    return cwd.relpathto(self)

def relpathto(self, dest):
    """ Return a relative path from self to dest.

    If there is no relative path from self to dest, for example if
    they reside on different drives in Windows, then this returns
    dest.abspath().
    """
    origin = self.abspath()
    dest = self.__class__(dest).abspath()

    orig_list = origin.normcase().splitall()
    # Don't normcase dest!  We want to preserve the case.
    dest_list = dest.splitall()

    if orig_list[0] != os.path.normcase(dest_list[0]):
        # Can't get here from there.
        return dest

    # Find the location where the two paths start to differ.
    i = 0
    for start_seg, dest_seg in zip(orig_list, dest_list):
        if start_seg != os.path.normcase(dest_seg):
            break
        i += 1

    # Now i is the point where the two paths diverge.
    # Need a certain number of "os.pardir"s to work up
    # from the origin to the point of divergence.
    segments = [os.pardir] * (len(orig_list) - i)
    # Need to add the diverging part of dest_list.
    segments += dest_list[i:]
    if len(segments) == 0:
        # If they happen to be identical, use os.curdir.
        relpath = os.curdir
    else:
        relpath = os.path.join(*segments)
    return self.__class__(relpath)

# --- Listing, searching, walking, and matching

def listdir(self, pattern=None):
    """ D.listdir() -> List of items in this directory.

    Use D.files() or D.dirs() instead if you want a listing
    of just files or just subdirectories.

    The elements of the list are path objects.

    With the optional 'pattern' argument, this only lists
    items whose names match the given pattern.
    """
    names = os.listdir(self)
    if pattern is not None:
        names = fnmatch.filter(names, pattern)
    return [self / child for child in names]

def dirs(self, pattern=None):
    """ D.dirs() -> List of this directory's subdirectories.

    The elements of the list are path objects.
    This does not walk recursively into subdirectories
    (but see path.walkdirs).

    With the optional 'pattern' argument, this only lists
    directories whose names match the given pattern.  For
    example, d.dirs('build-*').
    """
    return [p for p in self.listdir(pattern) if p.isdir()]

def files(self, pattern=None):
    """ D.files() -> List of the files in this directory.

    The elements of the list are path objects.
    This does not walk into subdirectories (see path.walkfiles).

    With the optional 'pattern' argument, this only lists files
    whose names match the given pattern.  For example,
    d.files('*.pyc').
    """

    return [p for p in self.listdir(pattern) if p.isfile()]

def walk(self, pattern=None, errors='strict'):
    """ D.walk() -> iterator over files and subdirs, recursively.

    The iterator yields path objects naming each child item of
    this directory and its descendants.  This requires that
    D.isdir().

    This performs a depth-first traversal of the directory tree.
    Each directory is returned just before all its children.

    The errors= keyword argument controls behavior when an
    error occurs.  The default is 'strict', which causes an
    exception.  The other allowed values are 'warn', which
    reports the error via warnings.warn(), and 'ignore'.
    """
    if errors not in ('strict', 'warn', 'ignore'):
        raise ValueError("invalid errors parameter")

    try:
        childList = self.listdir()
    except Exception:
        if errors == 'ignore':
            return
        elif errors == 'warn':
            warnings.warn(
                "Unable to list directory '%s': %s"
                % (self, sys.exc_info()[1]),
                TreeWalkWarning)
            return
        else:
            raise

    for child in childList:
        if pattern is None or child.fnmatch(pattern):
            yield child
        try:
            isdir = child.isdir()
        except Exception:
            if errors == 'ignore':
                isdir = False
            elif errors == 'warn':
                warnings.warn(
                    "Unable to access '%s': %s"
                    % (child, sys.exc_info()[1]),
                    TreeWalkWarning)
                isdir = False
            else:
                raise

        if isdir:
            for item in child.walk(pattern, errors):
                yield item

def walkdirs(self, pattern=None, errors='strict'):
    """ D.walkdirs() -> iterator over subdirs, recursively.

    With the optional 'pattern' argument, this yields only
    directories whose names match the given pattern.  For
    example, mydir.walkdirs('*test') yields only directories
    with names ending in 'test'.

    The errors= keyword argument controls behavior when an
    error occurs.  The default is 'strict', which causes an
    exception.  The other allowed values are 'warn', which
    reports the error via warnings.warn(), and 'ignore'.
    """
    if errors not in ('strict', 'warn', 'ignore'):
        raise ValueError("invalid errors parameter")

    try:
        dirs = self.dirs()
    except Exception:
        if errors == 'ignore':
            return
        elif errors == 'warn':
            warnings.warn(
                "Unable to list directory '%s': %s"
                % (self, sys.exc_info()[1]),
                TreeWalkWarning)
            return
        else:
            raise

    for child in dirs:
        if pattern is None or child.fnmatch(pattern):
            yield child
        for subsubdir in child.walkdirs(pattern, errors):
            yield subsubdir

def walkfiles(self, pattern=None, errors='strict'):
    """ D.walkfiles() -> iterator over files in D, recursively.

    The optional argument, pattern, limits the results to files
    with names that match the pattern.  For example,
    mydir.walkfiles('*.tmp') yields only files with the .tmp
    extension.
    """
    if errors not in ('strict', 'warn', 'ignore'):
        raise ValueError("invalid errors parameter")

    try:
        childList = self.listdir()
    except Exception:
        if errors == 'ignore':
            return
        elif errors == 'warn':
            warnings.warn(
                "Unable to list directory '%s': %s"
                % (self, sys.exc_info()[1]),
                TreeWalkWarning)
            return
        else:
            raise

    for child in childList:
        try:
            isfile = child.isfile()
            isdir = not isfile and child.isdir()
        except:
            if errors == 'ignore':
                continue
            elif errors == 'warn':
                warnings.warn(
                    "Unable to access '%s': %s"
                    % (self, sys.exc_info()[1]),
                    TreeWalkWarning)
                continue
            else:
                raise

        if isfile:
            if pattern is None or child.fnmatch(pattern):
                yield child
        elif isdir:
            for f in child.walkfiles(pattern, errors):
                yield f

def fnmatch(self, pattern):
    """ Return True if self.name matches the given pattern.

    pattern - A filename pattern with wildcards,
        for example '*.py'.
    """
    return fnmatch.fnmatch(self.name, pattern)

def glob(self, pattern):
    """ Return a list of path objects that match the pattern.

    pattern - a path relative to this directory, with wildcards.

    For example, path('/users').glob('*/bin/*') returns a list
    of all the files users have in their bin directories.
    """
    cls = self.__class__
    return [cls(s) for s in glob.glob(_base(self / pattern))]

# --- Reading or writing an entire file at once.

def open(self, mode='r'):
    """ Open this file.  Return a file object. """
    return open(self, mode)

def bytes(self):
    """ Open this file, read all bytes, return them as a string. """
    f = self.open('rb')
    try:
        return f.read()
    finally:
        f.close()

def write_bytes(self, bytes, append=False):
    """ Open this file and write the given bytes to it.

    Default behavior is to overwrite any existing file.
    Call p.write_bytes(bytes, append=True) to append instead.
    """
    if append:
        mode = 'ab'
    else:
        mode = 'wb'
    f = self.open(mode)
    try:
        f.write(bytes)
    finally:
        f.close()

def text(self, encoding=None, errors='strict'):
    r""" Open this file, read it in, return the content as a string.

    This uses 'U' mode in Python 2.3 and later, so '\r\n' and '\r'
    are automatically translated to '\n'.

    Optional arguments:

    encoding - The Unicode encoding (or character set) of
        the file.  If present, the content of the file is
        decoded and returned as a unicode object; otherwise
        it is returned as an 8-bit str.
    errors - How to handle Unicode errors; see help(str.decode)
        for the options.  Default is 'strict'.
    """
    if encoding is None:
        # 8-bit
        f = self.open(_textmode)
        try:
            return f.read()
        finally:
            f.close()
    else:
        # Unicode
        f = codecs.open(self, 'r', encoding, errors)
        # (Note - Can't use 'U' mode here, since codecs.open
        # doesn't support 'U' mode, even in Python 2.3.)
        try:
            t = f.read()
        finally:
            f.close()
        return (t.replace(u'\r\n', u'\n')
                 .replace(u'\r\x85', u'\n')
                 .replace(u'\r', u'\n')
                 .replace(u'\x85', u'\n')
                 .replace(u'\u2028', u'\n'))

def write_text(self, text, encoding=None, errors='strict', linesep=os.linesep, append=False):
    r""" Write the given text to this file.

    The default behavior is to overwrite any existing file;
    to append instead, use the 'append=True' keyword argument.

    There are two differences between path.write_text() and
    path.write_bytes(): newline handling and Unicode handling.
    See below.

    Parameters:

      - text - str/unicode - The text to be written.

      - encoding - str - The Unicode encoding that will be used.
        This is ignored if 'text' isn't a Unicode string.

      - errors - str - How to handle Unicode encoding errors.
        Default is 'strict'.  See help(unicode.encode) for the
        options.  This is ignored if 'text' isn't a Unicode
        string.

      - linesep - keyword argument - str/unicode - The sequence of
        characters to be used to mark end-of-line.  The default is
        os.linesep.  You can also specify None; this means to
        leave all newlines as they are in 'text'.

      - append - keyword argument - bool - Specifies what to do if
        the file already exists (True: append to the end of it;
        False: overwrite it.)  The default is False.


    --- Newline handling.

    write_text() converts all standard end-of-line sequences
    ('\n', '\r', and '\r\n') to your platform's default end-of-line
    sequence (see os.linesep; on Windows, for example, the
    end-of-line marker is '\r\n').

    If you don't like your platform's default, you can override it
    using the 'linesep=' keyword argument.  If you specifically want
    write_text() to preserve the newlines as-is, use 'linesep=None'.

    This applies to Unicode text the same as to 8-bit text, except
    there are three additional standard Unicode end-of-line sequences:
    u'\x85', u'\r\x85', and u'\u2028'.

    (This is slightly different from when you open a file for
    writing with fopen(filename, "w") in C or file(filename, 'w')
    in Python.)


    --- Unicode

    If 'text' isn't Unicode, then apart from newline handling, the
    bytes are written verbatim to the file.  The 'encoding' and
    'errors' arguments are not used and must be omitted.

    If 'text' is Unicode, it is first converted to bytes using the
    specified 'encoding' (or the default encoding if 'encoding'
    isn't specified).  The 'errors' argument applies only to this
    conversion.

    """
    if isinstance(text, unicode):
        if linesep is not None:
            # Convert all standard end-of-line sequences to
            # ordinary newline characters.
            text = (text.replace(u'\r\n', u'\n')
                        .replace(u'\r\x85', u'\n')
                        .replace(u'\r', u'\n')
                        .replace(u'\x85', u'\n')
                        .replace(u'\u2028', u'\n'))
            text = text.replace(u'\n', linesep)
        if encoding is None:
            encoding = sys.getdefaultencoding()
        bytes = text.encode(encoding, errors)
    else:
        # It is an error to specify an encoding if 'text' is
        # an 8-bit string.
        assert encoding is None

        if linesep is not None:
            text = (text.replace('\r\n', '\n')
                        .replace('\r', '\n'))
            bytes = text.replace('\n', linesep)

    self.write_bytes(bytes, append)

def lines(self, encoding=None, errors='strict', retain=True):
    r""" Open this file, read all lines, return them in a list.

    Optional arguments:
        encoding - The Unicode encoding (or character set) of
            the file.  The default is None, meaning the content
            of the file is read as 8-bit characters and returned
            as a list of (non-Unicode) str objects.
        errors - How to handle Unicode errors; see help(str.decode)
            for the options.  Default is 'strict'
        retain - If true, retain newline characters; but all newline
            character combinations ('\r', '\n', '\r\n') are
            translated to '\n'.  If false, newline characters are
            stripped off.  Default is True.

    This uses 'U' mode in Python 2.3 and later.
    """
    if encoding is None and retain:
        f = self.open(_textmode)
        try:
            return f.readlines()
        finally:
            f.close()
    else:
        return self.text(encoding, errors).splitlines(retain)

def write_lines(self, lines, encoding=None, errors='strict',
                linesep=os.linesep, append=False):
    r""" Write the given lines of text to this file.

    By default this overwrites any existing file at this path.

    This puts a platform-specific newline sequence on every line.
    See 'linesep' below.

    lines - A list of strings.

    encoding - A Unicode encoding to use.  This applies only if
        'lines' contains any Unicode strings.

    errors - How to handle errors in Unicode encoding.  This
        also applies only to Unicode strings.

    linesep - The desired line-ending.  This line-ending is
        applied to every line.  If a line already has any
        standard line ending ('\r', '\n', '\r\n', u'\x85',
        u'\r\x85', u'\u2028'), that will be stripped off and
        this will be used instead.  The default is os.linesep,
        which is platform-dependent ('\r\n' on Windows, '\n' on
        Unix, etc.)  Specify None to write the lines as-is,
        like file.writelines().

    Use the keyword argument append=True to append lines to the
    file.  The default is to overwrite the file.  Warning:
    When you use this with Unicode data, if the encoding of the
    existing data in the file is different from the encoding
    you specify with the encoding= parameter, the result is
    mixed-encoding data, which can really confuse someone trying
    to read the file later.
    """
    if append:
        mode = 'ab'
    else:
        mode = 'wb'
    f = self.open(mode)
    try:
        for line in lines:
            isUnicode = isinstance(line, unicode)
            if linesep is not None:
                # Strip off any existing line-end and add the
                # specified linesep string.
                if isUnicode:
                    if line[-2:] in (u'\r\n', u'\x0d\x85'):
                        line = line[:-2]
                    elif line[-1:] in (u'\r', u'\n',
                                       u'\x85', u'\u2028'):
                        line = line[:-1]
                else:
                    if line[-2:] == '\r\n':
                        line = line[:-2]
                    elif line[-1:] in ('\r', '\n'):
                        line = line[:-1]
                line += linesep
            if isUnicode:
                if encoding is None:
                    encoding = sys.getdefaultencoding()
                line = line.encode(encoding, errors)
            f.write(line)
    finally:
        f.close()

def read_md5(self):
    """ Calculate the md5 hash for this file.

    This reads through the entire file.
    """
    return self.read_hash('md5')

def _hash(self, hash_name):
    f = self.open('rb')
    try:
        m = hashlib.new(hash_name)
        while True:
            d = f.read(8192)
            if not d:
                break
            m.update(d)
        return m
    finally:
        f.close()

def read_hash(self, hash_name):
    """ Calculate given hash for this file.

    List of supported hashes can be obtained from hashlib package. This
    reads the entire file.
    """
    return self._hash(hash_name).digest()

def read_hexhash(self, hash_name):
    """ Calculate given hash for this file, returning hexdigest.

    List of supported hashes can be obtained from hashlib package. This
    reads the entire file.
    """
    return self._hash(hash_name).hexdigest()

# --- Methods for querying the file.system.

exists = os.path.exists
isdir = os.path.isdir
isfile = os.path.isfile
islink = os.path.islink
ismount = os.path.ismount

if hasattr(os.path, 'samefile'):
    samefile = os.path.samefile

getatime = os.path.getatime
atime = property(
    getatime, None, None,
    """ Last access time of the file. """)

getmtime = os.path.getmtime
mtime = property(
    getmtime, None, None,
    """ Last-modified time of the file. """)

if hasattr(os.path, 'getctime'):
    getctime = os.path.getctime
    ctime = property(
        getctime, None, None,
        """ Creation time of the file. """)

getsize = os.path.getsize
size = property(
    getsize, None, None,
    """ Size of the file, in bytes. """)

if hasattr(os, 'access'):
    def access(self, mode):
        """ Return true if current user has access to this path.

        mode - One of the constants os.F_OK, os.R_OK, os.W_OK, os.X_OK
        """
        return os.access(self, mode)

def stat(self):
    """ Perform a stat() system call on this path. """
    return os.stat(self)

def lstat(self):
    """ Like path.stat(), but do not follow symbolic links. """
    return os.lstat(self)

def get_owner(self):
    r""" Return the name of the owner of this file or directory.

    This follows symbolic links.

    On Windows, this returns a name of the form ur'DOMAIN\User Name'.
    On Windows, a group can own a file or directory.
    """
    if os.name == 'nt':
        if win32security is None:
            raise Exception("path.owner requires win32all to be installed")
        desc = win32security.GetFileSecurity(
            self, win32security.OWNER_SECURITY_INFORMATION)
        sid = desc.GetSecurityDescriptorOwner()
        account, domain, typecode = win32security.LookupAccountSid(
            None, sid)
        return domain + u'\\' + account
    else:
        if pwd is None:
            raise NotImplementedError(
                "path.owner is not implemented on this platform.")
        st = self.stat()
        return pwd.getpwuid(st.st_uid).pw_name

owner = property(
    get_owner, None, None,
    """ Name of the owner of this file or directory. """)

if hasattr(os, 'statvfs'):
    def statvfs(self):
        """ Perform a statvfs() system call on this path. """
        return os.statvfs(self)

if hasattr(os, 'pathconf'):
    def pathconf(self, name):
        return os.pathconf(self, name)

# --- Modifying operations on files and directories

def utime(self, times):
    """ Set the access and modified times of this file. """
    os.utime(self, times)

def chmod(self, mode):
    os.chmod(self, mode)

if hasattr(os, 'chown'):
    def chown(self, uid, gid):
        os.chown(self, uid, gid)

def rename(self, new):
    os.rename(self, new)

def renames(self, new):
    os.renames(self, new)

# --- Create/delete operations on directories

def mkdir(self, mode=0777):
    os.mkdir(self, mode)

def mkdir_p(self, mode=0777):
    try:
        self.mkdir(mode)
    except OSError, e:
        if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
            raise

def makedirs(self, mode=0777):
    os.makedirs(self, mode)

def makedirs_p(self, mode=0777):
    try:
        self.makedirs(mode)
    except OSError, e:
        if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
            raise

def rmdir(self):
    os.rmdir(self)

def rmdir_p(self):
    try:
        self.rmdir()
    except OSError, e:
        if e.errno != errno.ENOTEMPTY and e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
            raise

def removedirs(self):
    os.removedirs(self)

def removedirs_p(self):
    try:
        self.removedirs()
    except OSError, e:
        if e.errno != errno.ENOTEMPTY and e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
            raise

# --- Modifying operations on files

def touch(self):
    """ Set the access/modified times of this file to the current time.
    Create the file if it does not exist.
    """
    fd = os.open(self, os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT, 0666)
    os.close(fd)
    os.utime(self, None)

def remove(self):
    os.remove(self)

def remove_p(self):
    try:
        self.unlink()
    except OSError, e:
        if e.errno != errno.ENOENT:
            raise

def unlink(self):
    os.unlink(self)

def unlink_p(self):
    self.remove_p()

# --- Links

if hasattr(os, 'link'):
    def link(self, newpath):
        """ Create a hard link at 'newpath', pointing to this file. """
        os.link(self, newpath)

if hasattr(os, 'symlink'):
    def symlink(self, newlink):
        """ Create a symbolic link at 'newlink', pointing here. """
        os.symlink(self, newlink)

if hasattr(os, 'readlink'):
    def readlink(self):
        """ Return the path to which this symbolic link points.

        The result may be an absolute or a relative path.
        """
        return self.__class__(os.readlink(self))

    def readlinkabs(self):
        """ Return the path to which this symbolic link points.

        The result is always an absolute path.
        """
        p = self.readlink()
        if p.isabs():
            return p
        else:
            return (self.parent / p).abspath()

# --- High-level functions from shutil

copyfile = shutil.copyfile
copymode = shutil.copymode
copystat = shutil.copystat
copy = shutil.copy
copy2 = shutil.copy2
copytree = shutil.copytree
if hasattr(shutil, 'move'):
    move = shutil.move
rmtree = shutil.rmtree

# --- Special stuff from os

if hasattr(os, 'chroot'):
    def chroot(self):
        os.chroot(self)

if hasattr(os, 'startfile'):
    def startfile(self):
        os.startfile(self)