scrapy-redis分布式爬虫原理分析

scrapy是python的一个非常好用的爬虫库，功能非常强大，但是当我们要爬取的页面非常多的时候，单个主机的处理能力就不能满足我们的需求了（无论是处理速度还是网络请求的并发数），这时候分布式爬虫的优势就显现出来，人多力量大。而scrapy-redis就是结合了分布式数据库redis，重写了scrapy一些比较关键的代码，将scrapy变成一个可以在多个主机上同时运行的分布式爬虫。
scrapy-redis是github上的一个开源项目，可以直接下载到他的源代码：
https://github.com/rolando/scrapy-redis
scrapy-redis的官方文档写的比较简洁，没有提及其运行原理，所以如果想全面的理解分布式爬虫的运行原理，还是得看scrapy-redis的源代码才行（还得先理解scrapy的运行原理，不然看scrapy-redis还是比较费劲），不过scrapy-redis的源代码很少，也比较好懂，很快就能看完。
scrapy-redis工程的主体还是是redis和scrapy两个库，工程本身实现的东西不是很多，这个工程就像胶水一样，把这两个插件粘结了起来。下面我们来看看，scrapy-redis的每一个源代码文件都实现了什么功能，最后如何实现分布式的爬虫系统：

connect.py

import redis
import six

from scrapy.utils.misc import load_object


DEFAULT_REDIS_CLS = redis.StrictRedis


# Sane connection defaults.
DEFAULT_PARAMS = {
    'socket_timeout': 30,
    'socket_connect_timeout': 30,
    'retry_on_timeout': True,
}

# Shortcut maps 'setting name' -> 'parmater name'.
SETTINGS_PARAMS_MAP = {
    'REDIS_URL': 'url',
    'REDIS_HOST': 'host',
    'REDIS_PORT': 'port',
}


def get_redis_from_settings(settings):
    """Returns a redis client instance from given Scrapy settings object.

    This function uses ``get_client`` to instantiate the client and uses
    ``DEFAULT_PARAMS`` global as defaults values for the parameters. You can
    override them using the ``REDIS_PARAMS`` setting.

    Parameters
    ----------
    settings : Settings
        A scrapy settings object. See the supported settings below.

    Returns
    -------
    server
        Redis client instance.

    Other Parameters
    ----------------
    REDIS_URL : str, optional
        Server connection URL.
    REDIS_HOST : str, optional
        Server host.
    REDIS_PORT : str, optional
        Server port.
    REDIS_PARAMS : dict, optional
        Additional client parameters.

    """
    params = DEFAULT_PARAMS.copy()
    params.update(settings.getdict('REDIS_PARAMS'))
    # XXX: Deprecate REDIS_* settings.
    for source, dest in SETTINGS_PARAMS_MAP.items():
        val = settings.get(source)
        if val:
            params[dest] = val

    # Allow ``redis_cls`` to be a path to a class.
    if isinstance(params.get('redis_cls'), six.string_types):
        params['redis_cls'] = load_object(params['redis_cls'])

    return get_redis(**params)


# Backwards compatible alias.
from_settings = get_redis_from_settings


def get_redis(**kwargs):
    """Returns a redis client instance.

    Parameters
    ----------
    redis_cls : class, optional
        Defaults to ``redis.StrictRedis``.
    url : str, optional
        If given, ``redis_cls.from_url`` is used to instantiate the class.
    **kwargs
        Extra parameters to be passed to the ``redis_cls`` class.

    Returns
    -------
    server
        Redis client instance.

    """
    redis_cls = kwargs.pop('redis_cls', DEFAULT_REDIS_CLS)
    url = kwargs.pop('url', None)
    if url:
        return redis_cls.from_url(url, **kwargs)
    else:
        return redis_cls(**kwargs)

connect文件引入了redis模块，这个是redis-python库的接口，用于通过python访问redis数据库，可见，这个文件主要是实现连接redis数据库的功能（返回的是redis库的Redis对象或者StrictRedis对象，这俩都是可以直接用来进行数据操作的对象）。这些连接接口在其他文件中经常被用到。其中，我们可以看到，要想连接到redis数据库，和其他数据库差不多，需要一个ip地址、端口号、用户名密码（可选）和一个整形的数据库编号，同时我们还可以在scrapy工程的setting文件中配置套接字的超时时间、等待时间等。

dupefilters.py

import logging
import time

from scrapy.dupefilters import BaseDupeFilter
from scrapy.utils.request import request_fingerprint

from .connection import get_redis_from_settings


DEFAULT_DUPEFILTER_KEY = "dupefilter:%(timestamp)s"

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


# TODO: Rename class to RedisDupeFilter.
class RFPDupeFilter(BaseDupeFilter):
    """Redis-based request duplicates filter.

    This class can also be used with default Scrapy's scheduler.

    """

    logger = logger

    def __init__(self, server, key, debug=False):
        """Initialize the duplicates filter.

        Parameters
        ----------
        server : redis.StrictRedis
            The redis server instance.
        key : str
            Redis key Where to store fingerprints.
        debug : bool, optional
            Whether to log filtered requests.

        """
        self.server = server
        self.key = key
        self.debug = debug
        self.logdupes = True

    @classmethod
    def from_settings(cls, settings):
        """Returns an instance from given settings.

        This uses by default the key ``dupefilter:<timestamp>``. When using the
        ``scrapy_redis.scheduler.Scheduler`` class, this method is not used as
        it needs to pass the spider name in the key.

        Parameters
        ----------
        settings : scrapy.settings.Settings

        Returns
        -------
        RFPDupeFilter
            A RFPDupeFilter instance.


        """
        server = get_redis_from_settings(settings)
        # XXX: This creates one-time key. needed to support to use this
        # class as standalone dupefilter with scrapy's default scheduler
        # if scrapy passes spider on open() method this wouldn't be needed
        # TODO: Use SCRAPY_JOB env as default and fallback to timestamp.
        key = DEFAULT_DUPEFILTER_KEY % {
  
  'timestamp': int(time.time())}
        debug = settings.getbool('DUPEFILTER_DEBUG')
        return cls(server, key=key, debug=debug)

    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
        """Returns instance from crawler.

        Parameters
        ----------
        crawler : scrapy.crawler.Crawler

        Returns
        -------
        RFPDupeFilter
            Instance of RFPDupeFilter.

        """
        return cls.from_settings(crawler.settings)

    def request_seen(self, request):
        """Returns True if request was already seen.

        Parameters
        ----------
        request : scrapy.http.Request

        Returns
        -------
        bool

        """
        fp = self.request_fingerprint(request)
        # This returns the number of values added, zero if already exists.
        added = self.server.sadd(self.key, fp)
        return added == 0

    de